Transcript Public Communication

Focus Questions
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What is public speaking?
Do ordinary people do much public speaking?
How do speakers earn credibility?
How do credible speakers organize and support
their ideas?
Do many people experience speaking anxiety?
How can you be a critical listener of public
communication?
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Steven Jobs’
Stanford Commencement Address
14:55
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Public Communication
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Public communication as enlarged
conversation (James Winans, 1938)
– Preparation time
– Turn-taking delay
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Public speaking in everyday life
– Personal satisfaction to give voice
– Being effective citizens
– Linking to professional success
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Types of Public Speeches
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Speaking to entertain
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To engage, interest, amuse listeners
May include information about occasion
Humor and offense
Narrative speaking (story-telling)
Speaking to inform
– To increase listeners’ understanding, awareness
– May take form of demonstration
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Speaking to persuade
– To change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors
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Features of Public Speaking
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Greater responsibility to plan and prepare
– Evidence
– Reasoning
– Structure of ideas
– Delivery practice
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Less direct interaction
– Speaker dominates
– Listeners still participate “actively”
 Nodding, smiling, facial expressions…
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Planning and Presenting
Effective public speaking is a process, not an
isolated event. The process begins with
understanding of credibility and ways to earn it.
 Earning credibility
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– Listener believing in a speaker and trust what is said
– Based on listeners perceptions of speaker’s position,
authority, knowledge, dynamism, and trustworthiness
– Initial credibility: Titles, experience, achievements
– Derived credibility: During presentation
– Terminal credibility: Cumulative combination of two
above
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Preparing and Presenting
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Planning Public Speeches (next slides)
Researching and Supporting
Public Speeches
Organizing Speeches
Developing Effective Delivery
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Planning Public Speeches
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Selecting a topic
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Topic that you care about
Appropriate to listeners
Appropriate to situation
Limited in scope
Defining the purpose
– General and specific purpose
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Developing the thesis
– Clear thesis statement – “I want listeners to buckle
up.”
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Researching and Supporting
Public Speeches
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Evidence
– To make ideas more clear, more compelling
– To fortify speakers opinions (more persuasive)
– To heighten speaker’s credibility
– Effectiveness depends on whether listeners
accept.
– Five forms of evidence:
 Statistics, Examples, Comparisons, Quotations,
Visual aids
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Researching and Supporting
Public Speeches
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Checking on evidence
– Statistics still valid?
– Quoted person’s personal interest (biased?)
– Quoted person an expert? (Halo effect --outside one’s expertise)
– Example representative?
– Comparison fair?
– Visual aids clear?
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Organizing Speeches
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Effectiveness can be increased:
– Structure - Ideas coming in some order
– Organized speech more persuasive than disorganized
one
– Organization reflects preparation and enhances
credibility.
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Organization:
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The introduction
The body
Conclusion
Transitions
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Organization of Speech
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The introduction
– To capture attention, state the thesis, preview the claims
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The body of the speech
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To organize content into related points
Temporal (time, chronological) pattern
Spatial pattern (physical relationships)
Topical (classification) pattern, star structure
Wave pattern (repetition with variation or extension of theme)
Comparative pattern
Problem-solution pattern
Cause-effect; effect-cause pattern
Motivated sequence pattern: Order of human thought (next slide)
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Organization of Speech
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Motivated sequence pattern: 5 sequential
steps
– Attention step
– Need step
– Satisfaction step (solution)
– Visualization step (imagination, envision)
– Action step (recommendation)
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Organization of Speech
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Conclusion
– A good speech ends on a strong note.
– Summarizing main ideas
– Leaving a memorable final ideas
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Transitions
– Moving from one idea to another
– Words, phrases
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Developing Effective Delivery
Dynamism and Speaker’s credibility
 Oral style should be more personal than
written: I vs. The speaker
 Eye contact
 Immediacy; short sentences rather than
long ones
 Rhetorical questions, interjections,
redundancy
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Four Styles of Delivery
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Impromptu delivery
– Little or no preparation; not for novice speaker
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Extemporaneous delivery
– Substantial preparation; relying on notes not exact
words; politician, attorney
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Manuscript delivery
– Presenting written manuscript; precision
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Memorized delivery
– Presenting memorized text; risk of canned delivery
lacking dynamism; forgetting
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Challenges in Public Speaking
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Understanding and controlling anxiety
– Causes of communication apprehension (next
slide)
– Reducing communication apprehension
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Adapting to audiences
– Learning about listeners
– Tailoring speeches to listeners
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Listening critically to speakers
– Four checking questions (p. 321)
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Understanding Anxiety
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Causes of apprehension
– Unfamiliar with people (audience)
– Uncertain situations
– Being in the spotlight
– Being evaluated
– Past failure
– Chronic; Learned apprehension
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Reducing Anxiety
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Methods of reducing apprehension
– Systematic desensitization
 Relax and reduce psychological features (breath)
– Cognitive restructuring
 Identify and challenge negative self-statement
– Positive visualization
 Enact positive mental pictures in speaking situation
– Skills training
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