Transcript Cancer Powerpoint - Helena High School

Cancer
Cell Division Gone Wrong!
•Cancer is not just one
disease, but many
diseases – over 200
different types of
cancers
Types of Cancer
 Most
common types of cancers in males
include lung, prostate, colorectal, and
stomach
 The
most common types in females include
lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer.
 Most
common cancers often have routine
screening- colon, prostate, breast
Some cancers are more deadly than
others.
Pancreatic
cancer kills 96% if those
diagnosed – deadly because of lack
of symptoms. Often too advanced
when discovered.
Cell Cycle
 Normal
body cells grow, divide and die in
an orderly fashion
 Cyclins
cycle
are proteins that control the cell
PART 2 – CANCER
Cell Repair Checkpoints Fail…then
2
fates if a cell cannot repair itself
 Autolysis or apoptosis is the last resort
to prevent a cell from getting out of
control
 Cancer – if DNA damage interferes with
cell death or encourages out-ofcontrol cell division
Tumor – solid growth or mass of
cells
Cell Division Control
• DNA controls all cell activities including
cell division
• Oncogenes promote cell growth and
tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell
division and survival.
• Some cells lose their ability to control
their rate of cell division – the DNA of
these cells has become damaged or
changed (mutated)
• These super-dividing cells form masses
called tumors
Tumors
A large ductal carcinoma
In a mastectomy specimen
Examples of Carcinogens

Chemicals – radon gas, cigarettes, formaldehyde,
asbestos, mustard gas, benzene and many others
(CDC lists approximately 1,000 potential
carcinogens

Radiation – UV rays for the sun, sunlamps, X-rays,

Viruses –
 Human
Papillomavirus (HPV)- causes cervical,
vaginal, penile, and certain head and neck
cancers,
 Epstein-Barr
(mononucleosis) linked to
lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes),
 Hepatitis
B and C (liver cancer)
•Benign tumors are not cancerous – these cells do
not spread to other parts of the body
•Malignant tumors are cancerous – these cells break
loose and can invade and destroy healthy tissue in
other parts of the body (called metastasis)
•Carcinogen is a cancer causing agent
CANCER WARNING SIGNS

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





Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Sore that will not heal
Unusual bleeding
Thickening or a lump in the breast or somewhere else
Chronic indigestion
Obvious change in a mole
Nagging cough
Also look for extreme tiredness, weight loss, fever
and sometimes pain
Diagnosis of Cancer Cells

Patient History-

MRI, X-rays, ultrasounds to “look” inside the body to
identify location and size of tumor

Biopsy is performed- removal of sample tissue for a
specialist to check for cancer cells- look for
abnormalities.

Determine if the cancer has spread to other organsmetastasis of malignant tumor. - blood or lymph testing
can indicate spread of cancer – if cancer cells are present

Patients will visit and oncologist- doctor who examines
tissue for diseases like cancer

Remission – period of time when the cancer is responding
to treatment or is under control
STAGING OF CANCER

Generally, the lower the stage, the less advanced the
cancer is and the better the treatment outcome is likely
to be.

Stage 0 = precancer

Stage 1 = small cancer found only in the organ where it
started

Stage 2 = larger cancer that may or may not have spread
to the lymph nodes

Stage 3 = larger cancer that is also in the lymph nodes

Stage 4 = cancer in a different organ from where it
started

SKIN CANCERS

Most common types include squamous cell and
basal cell carcinoma (both benign) and melanoma
(malignant)

3.5 million cases of basal and squamous cell
carcinomas each year in the U.S.

Approximately 73,000 cases of melanoma each
year in the U.S.- w/ about 10,000 deaths

Approximately 13,000 skin cancer deaths (10,000
from melanoma)
ABCDE RULES FOR MOLES
This 28 year old woman had a smaller
melanoma on her neck.
Study of Telomers
Telomeres
are caps on the
ends of chromosomes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRrNjHYxP_o
http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis/2010/06/the_undead_henrietta_lack
s_and.html

Proteus Syndrome: Elephant Man

http://io9.com/10-unusual-genetic-mutations-in-humans-470843733