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Your “Do Now” 3/19 • Take a paper from up front • Complete the “Before” section, questions 1-5 • Be prepared to share-out Learning Target • I can explain how cancer affects an organism and how cancer can be caused. Notes #4 Cancer Cancer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTTolebqo • Cancer: disease where cells grow and divide uncontrollably fast • It can affect almost any part of the body • This happens when the genes that regulate the cell cycle mutate • After one of these genes has mutated to cause cancer we call it an oncogene • Cancer cells are no longer differentiated (no special function) • Normal cells are programmed to stop growing in number but cancer cells DO NOT. • Instead, they form a tumor (an abnormal clump of tissue) Loss of Normal Growth Control Normal cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Cancer cell division First mutation Second mutation Third mutation Fourth or later mutation Uncontrolled growth Two types of tumors 1. Benign: tumor that stays in one area 2. Malignant: tumor that can spread into other areas Malignant versus Benign Tumors Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only in one area Time Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and move to different sites Metastasis: process of cancer cells spreading from one area to another Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cancer in People What types of cancer have we heard of? Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths, 2008 Estimates Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Common Killers • • • • Lung Cancer Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer (Men only) Ovarian Cancer (Women only) Different Kinds of Cancer Carcinomas: Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Leukemias: Bloodstream Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle Stages of cancer Stage Definition Stage 0 Cancer in one particular spot Stage I, Stage Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease: Larger II, and Stage tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in III which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor. Stage IV The cancer has spread to another organ(s). Why is cancer deadly? • Cancer cells take-up nutrients & space • As tumors grow they become harder to destroy as they affect more cells faster • Tumors can crowd-out and destroy critical organs Cancer Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity, United States, 2000–2004 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How do people get cancer? • Carcinogen: something that causes cancer Carcinogen Examples • Radiation – X Rays, UV light • Chemicals – tar from cigarettes • Virus – HPV can cause cervical cancer. • Genetics– Some families are more likely to get certain cancers. – Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you can be more likely to get it Table 13.3 Detecting Cancer – Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan) – Ultrasound – Self-exam and check-ups MRI for breast exam http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S16eUPbZ1Zo Cancer Treatments • Radiotherapy: Using radiation to destroy tumors • Chemotherapy: Using a drug to destroy cancerous tissues • Stem cells: Cancerous tissues destroyed, then replaced with stem cells Chemotherapy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuMPdZjsngQ Cyberknife http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYcXRaTvRKc&feature=related Preventing cancer • Healthy Diet – Eating foods with antioxidants (fight cancer) – Eat brightly-colored veggies & fruits (good immune system chemicals) – Low saturated fat (prevent cancer) • Regular Exercise • Drink Water • Avoid carcinogens! Current Cancer research • • • • Finding causes Finding prevention & treatment strategies Stem-cell use Gene therapy Some myths & facts from the Mayo Clinic • Myth: If we can put a man on the moon, we should have a cure for cancer by now. • Truth: Finding the cure for cancer is proving to be more complex than mastering the engineering and physics required for spaceflight. • Myth: Regular checkups and today's medical technology can detect all cancer early. • Truth: Although regular medical care can indeed increase your ability to detect cancer early, it can't guarantee it. Cancer is a complicated disease, and there's no sure way to always spot it.