Transcript Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease
and Cancer
Chapter 12
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Introduction
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading
cause of death in the U.S. (Just recently
eclipsed by Cancer)
• One American dies from CVD every 33
seconds
• Nearly half of all Americans will die from
CVD
• CVD is the leading cause of death for both
men and women
• 45% of all heart attacks occur in people
under the age of 65
• Most of CVD risk is lifestyle-related
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The Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary circulation
Right side of the heart pumps blood to
and from the lungs.
Systemic circulation
Left side of the heart pumps blood
through the rest of the body.
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All arteries carry oxygenated blood except this one
Muscular lft. side
Less musclar rt.side
All veins carry unoxygenated blood except these
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Blue indicates un-oxygenated blood
Red indicates oxygenated blood
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Cardiovascular System Concepts
Systole and Diastole.
action of the heart is controlled by an
electrical signal which originates in the
right atrium.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Arteries carry blood away from the
heart.
Capillaries are the microscopic
exchange points *** “good for bad”
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Risk Factors
Major Risk factors
¤Six Major Risk Factors that can be
changed.
Tobacco use.
Physical inactivity.
High blood pressure.
Obesity
Diabetes
High levels of cholesterol.
LDL’s and HDL’s
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#1Tobacco Use
Smokers have 2-3 times higher risk
of heart attack
Reduces HDL’s
CO displaces O2
Causes platelets to become sticky and
increases blood thickness
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High Blood Pressure
Hypertension
Too much pressure against arterial
walls
Heart has to work harder which
weakens and enlarges the heart
Arteries scar and harden
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Cholesterol
Clogs the arteries
Increased risk of CVD
LDL’s - less than 120 dl/mg
HDL’s - greater than 60 dl/mg
Total cholesterol should be below 200
dl/mg
Levels over 240 indicates high risk of
CVD
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Physical Inactivity
Exercise reduces risk by:
Lowering LDL’s
Controlling Blood pressure
Increasing HDL’s
Maintaining weight
Helps prevent or controls Diabetes
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Obesity
More than 30% above recommended
weight.
Increase strain on the heart.
High Blood Pressure
Abdominal fat pattern highest risk
Diabetes
Doubles the risk of CVD.
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Contributing Risk Factors That
Can Be Changed
High Triglyceride Levels
Psychological factors
Chronic hostility and anger
Suppressing psychological disorders
Depression and anxiety
Social factors
Social isolation
Low socioeconomic status
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Uncontrollable Factors
Heredity - CVD has genetic component;
high cholesterol levels, blood clotting and
obesity
Age - Over the age of 65
Sex - Men have higher risk earlier in life
Ethnicity - African Americans have higher
risk of hypertension; Hispanics greater
risk of HBP and Angina; Asians Lower rates
of CVD
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Major Forms of Cardiovascular
Disease
Hypertension - may cause damage even
before it is ever detected.
Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty
deposits. Starts during childhood.
Heart Attack - Coronary thrombosis,
coronary occlusion or myocardial infarction.
Vessels in the heart become blocked.
Stroke - Impeded blood supply to a part of
the brain.
Congestive Heart Failure - Blood backs up
in the veins leading to the heart, causing
fluid retention in various body parts.
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Major Forms of Cardiovascular
Disease
Angina Pectoris - Chest pain; heart doesn’t
get enough O2.
Arrhythmia’s - Abnormal Heartbeat Disruption of the electrical system - can
lead to sudden death.
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Visual depiction of Atherosclerosis development
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Stroke or Cerebrovascular
Accident (CVA)
Ischemic stroke- restricted blood
flow
Thrombotic stroke- stationary clot
forms in a cerebral artery
Embolic Stroke - wandering blood clot
Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel
ruptures in the brain
Aneurysm- a weakening
or “ballooning” in an artery
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The Incidence of Cancer
1.3 million Americans are diagnosed
yearly
More than half will be cured.
About 40% will die as a result of
cancer.
1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will
develop cancer during their lifetime.
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Very high mortality rates
Naked man & woman
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Leading Causes of Cancer
Risk Factor
Tobacco
Diet and obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of cancer
Occupational factors
Viruses
Alcohol
Environmental pollution
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What is Cancer?
Definition: an abnormal and uncontrollable
growth of cells or tissue that can lead to
death. (“Mitosis gone wrong”)
Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no
purpose.
Malignant tumor: cancerous, can invade
surrounding tissues.
Benign tumor: mass of cells enclosed in a
membrane that prevents their penetration of other
tissues.
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Cancer Cell Characteristics
Live Longer
Enzyme that blocks internal time clock
Lack contact Inhibition
Don’t stop dividing
Lack Cellular Cohesiveness
Don’t stay in area of origin
Angiogenesis Potential
Set –up it’s own blood supply
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How Cancer Spreads
Metastasis: Movement from
primary tumor
Definition: the spreading of cancer cells,
occurs because cancer cells do not stick
to each other as strongly as normal cells.
Cells break away from primary tumor and
invade surrounding tissues or travel through
the blood and lymphatic system.
Results in the development of a secondary
tumor or “metastases”
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Types of Cancer
Malignant Tumors
Classified according to the types of cells or
the tissue they arise from.
Initially retain some of the original
properties of the host cell.
Carcinomas - most common - start from
the epithelial tissue that cover body
surfaces. Linings, tubes, cavities and
secretion glands.
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Malignant Tumors
Sarcomas: arise in connective and
fibrous tissues. Bone, muscle, cartilage
and membranes covering muscle or fat.
Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes.
Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming
cells in bone marrow.
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Common Cancers( The following are for brief
discussion only! These are in your reading)
Lung Cancer: Most common cancer.
Risk Factors
Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%.
Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by
10.
Detection and Treatment (Difficult to
detect)
Symptoms are not detected until cancer has
reached the invasive stage.
Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring
bronchitis.
Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination fiber-optic bronchosectomy.
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Common Cancers
Lung Cancer treatment:
Difficult to treat.
Surgery- removal of involved cells.
Typically- cancer cells have already
spread.
Very resistant to chemotherapy.
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Common Cancers
Colon and Rectal- second most
prevalent cancer.
Risk Factors
Directly linked to diet and genetic
predisposition.
Mostly occurs after 50 yr. of age.Diet low in
fat and High in fiber - best defense.
Up to 1/3 of the population is genetically
prone.
Detection and Treatment
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Common Cancers
Breast Cancer - Second most common
cancer in women; 1:9 American women
will have it during her lifetime.
Risk Factors
Most common in women over 50
5 year survival rate is 79%
“Disease of Civilization”
Common causes: Genetic predisposition; High fat?,
High calorie diet and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol
use, early onset of menstruation, First child after
30 and obesity
Estrogen -cancer in estrogen-responsive sites
Detection and Treatment
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Common Cancers
Breast Cancer -.
Three part program for early detection.
Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20.
Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr.
Mammography- Every 1-2 years 40-50 yr. old.
Over 50 every year.
New Strategies for Treatment and Prevention
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Common Cancers
Prostate Cancer - Most common
cancer in men. Third leading cause of
cancer deaths in men
Risk Factors - Age, diet, lifestyle and
genetic predisposition
Early detection is key. PSA Blood test
Treatment - surgical removal of the
prostate and radiation, etc.
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Common Cancers
Female Reproductive Tract: Uterus,
Cervix or Ovaries.
Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted.
80% stems from infection by the papillomavirus transmitted by unprotected sex.
PAP Test
Cervical cancer most common in women in
their 20’s and 30’s.
Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex
partners, cigarette smoking and low socioeconomic
status.
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Common Cancers
Uterine, or Endometrial:
Occurs after 55
Determined by Pelvic Exam
Treatment is surgery
Ovarian Cancer: Difficult to detect and
diagnosis, No warning signs
Family history or genetic factors
Determined by Pelvic Exam
Treatment is surgery & radiation
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Common Cancers
Skin Cancer: Most common form
Easily detected and highly curable
Exposure to ultraviolet rays during childhood
Common cause - sunburns and suntans
Types:
Basal and Squamous
Melanoma - more dangerous form
Prevention
Detection and Treatment
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The A,B,C,D of possible Melanoma
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Common Cancers
Leukemia:
Cancers of the blood forming tissues
Abnormal production of immature white
blood cells; rapidly growing cells displace
red blood cell precursors
Immature WBC’s cannot fight off
infections
Risk factors are unknown
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Common Cancers
Lymphoma
Arising from the lymph cells
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-Hodgkin’s disease
Multiple Myeloma
Malignant plasma cells produce tumors in
the bone marrow.
Leads to anemia, excessive bleeding and
decreased resistance to infection
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The Cause of Cancer
The Role of DNA
Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Each controls the way a cell will work
A gene
DNA Mutations and Cancer
Changes the way the cells function
Mutagens- altered genetic material
Oncogenes- genes that can transform a cell into a
cancerous cell
Tumor suppressor genes- an undamaged oncogene that
can control or restrict cancerous cell growth
Hereditary Risks
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Links to Cancer
Foods:
Both carcinogens and compounds that provide protection
Carcinogens
Dietary Fat and Meat (Saturated Fats)
Alcohol
Protective compounds
Dietary Fiber
Fruits and Vegetables
Anticarcinogens
Carotenoids
Antioxidants- which are Phytochemicals which help control
free radicals
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Foods That Contain CancerPreventing Substances
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Carrots
Red peppers
Tomato
Sweet potato
Collard greens
Green Tea
Kale
Spinach
Apricot
Cantaloupe
Grapefruit
Orange
Papaya
Peach
Plum
Watermelon
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7 warning signs of cancer
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Detecting, Diagnosing and
Treating Cancer
Treatment:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
New and Experimental
Gene therapy
Bone marrow and Stem Cell transplants
Biological therapies- drugs which stop mestasis,
anti-angiogenesis, allow cells to die at a normal
rate
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Prevention
Lifestyle choices
Avoid tobacco
Control diet and weight
Regular exercise
Protecting skin from the sun
Avoiding environmental and occupational
carcinogens
Regular self exams
Medical screenings
Be aware of the early signs and symptoms
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