Writing a Research Paper
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Transcript Writing a Research Paper
Medical Writers Skills
Workshop
Nancy B. Clark, M.Ed.
Director of Medical Informatics Education
FSU College of Medicine
Fall 2010
All recources are available online at
http://www.med.fsu.edu/informatics/research.asp
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Objectives
Attendees will
Identify good references
Perform a MEDLINE search effectively
Find full text journal articles
Find online health stats
Use EndnoteWeb to manage citations and
references in a defined style
2
Tutorials
Tutorials at Pubmed (assigned)
Searching PubMed
Using Mesh Terms
My NCBI (optional)
Tutorials on Medical Library page
Using EndnoteWeb (4)
Finding e-Journals (3)
Tutorials at EndnoteWeb.com
3
Essential Software
MSWord 2007 or 2010
Endnote Web Cite While you Write plugin
http://www.endnoteweb.com
Stedman’s Medical Spellchecker
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Prerequisite Word Skills
Headers and footers
Page numbers
Fonts and sizes
Paragraph formatting
Page Breaks
Tables and captions
Page layouts
Numbering or bullets
Single/double spacing
Hanging indents/first
line indents
Word Document Properly Formatted at
http://www.med.fsu.edu/informatics/SampleTitlePage.doc
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Research Paper
Research Paper: In the Fall there will be a research paper that
should be based on your thoughtful assessment of the readings,
lecture material, assimilation with other assignments in other Year 2
classes, and class discussion. Topics for the term paper will be on
health policy or patient safety/medical errors. Topics for papers are
chosen by students but must be approved by the course director.
One possible format for the research paper could be as follows:
Part I, write an opening statement that explains why the issue
you have chosen is important;
Part II, provide an overview of the most important arguments and
concepts supporting your topic;
Part III, provide your assessment of the strengths and
weaknesses of the positions reflected in Part II;
Part IV, draw conclusions about the issue.
The body of the paper will be 10 pages (double-spaced).
The paper will require the use of “Endnote” and should have both
primary and secondary references.
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Find the References
What are the best?
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Levels of References
Primary:
Peer Reviewed
journal articles
Secondary:
Primary
Not peer reviewed
Secondary
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Levels of Peer Reviewed Information
Primary: original
research
Primary
Secondary: review
articles
Secondary
Tertiary: textbooks,
summaries
Tertiary
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Clarification for Paper
Primary means original research on
topic
Secondary means everything else
No set number of references requires
Quality over quantity
Grade not dependent on number of references
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Primary Peer Reviewed Literature
Original Research
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Secondary Peer Reviewed Sources
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Periodical Databases
See FSU Libraries > Databases AZ or Databases By Subject
ERIC (education journals)
Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe
(business, government, medical, legal...)
Access World News (major
newspapers)
PsychINFO (social sciences)
Web of Knowledge/Science (science,
social science, arts and literature citations)
MEDLINE (medicine)
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What is MEDLINE?
produced by the National Library of Medicine
electronic version of Index Medicus,
International Nursing Index, International Dental
Literature
1966 – present
4,000+ international biomedical journals
includes journal articles, reviews, letters,
editorials, comments
does NOT include books, conference papers,
meeting abstracts, theses
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MEDLINE Fields
Author
Title
Date
Type of publication
Journal, Volume,
Issue
Page numbers
Abstract
Institution
MeSH Headings
A lot of cataloging
numbers
Typical Entry
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What’s a MeSH Heading?
"Medical Subject Headings"
vocabulary terms from subject analysis of
literature
indexing journal articles for Index Medicus® and
MEDLINE
cataloging books and audiovisuals
controlled vocabulary
arranged in a hierarchical MeSH Tree Structures
updated annually
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Examples of MeSH Headings
Pubmed MeSH Database
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Where is MEDLINE?
Pubmed (NLM)
Medscape
MD Consult
Google Scholar
Links to
Full text journal
articles
Books
EBM databases
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Getting To PubMed From Library
1. Use Search Engines PubMed Box or
2. Use MedResources List or Map
3. Type PubMed into Online Resources search
ID is built into links
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PubMed MEDLINE
Entering PubMed
Type search terms
Tutorial
Save searches
in NCBI
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PubMed MEDLINE
Preliminary Results
Large number of hits.
Scroll down to ‘Details’ to show how PubMed
translated the search. (You can modify the search by
typing in the text box.)
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Boolean Operators
AND
OR
NOT
Parenthesis
*
quotes
“medication errors” AND
“quality improvement” NOT
(ambulatory OR “nursing
home”)
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“medication errors” AND “quality improvement”
NOT (ambulatory OR “nursing home”)
Ambulatory
Medication errors
Quality improvement
Nursing home
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PubMed MEDLINE
Limit Results
Click on ‘Limits’
Limits added in
this search:
- Indexed in the
last 2 years
- Human subjects
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PubMed MEDLINE
Refined Results
Number of hits is still
quite large. (384 from
previous 22,441)
Add ‘AND cancer’ to
the search terms.
(AND, OR, & NOT
operators must be in
all capitals.)
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PubMed MEDLINE
Combining Searches
Multiple Terms:
Use Advanced
Search
History
#2 AND #3
Click on number of
hits to see results
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PubMed MEDLINE
Getting the articles
Display Settings:
Select ‘Abstract’
view and click on
‘Apply’
Click on FSU icon
to link to full text.
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Click on Article Title: Abstract View
Link to full text FSU subscriptions
Related Citations
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Medline View
Use Medline view
to find search
terms.
MH = MeSH
Headings
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Tricks
Find one good article
Look at MeSH headings in MEDLINE view
Pick similar articles
Search same MeSH terms
Use Related Articles in PubMed
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Too Many Hits:
Increase Specificity
Use more specific terms in free text search
Use mesh search rather than text word search
Combine searches
Use more specific mesh headings
Add terms (using AND)
Limit
language of article
human or animal subjects
publication types (e.g. randomized controlled trials, reviews,
etc.)
country
year of publication
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Too Few Hits
Increase Sensitivity
Find more search terms from good articles
Try different combinations of terms
Use truncation (*) in Text word OR Subject
(ie immunoglob* )
Use OR to add and combine terms
Use combination of Text word and Subject
searches
Select All Subheadings with Subject MeSH
terms
Search further back in time
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Find Good Articles
Recent
Applicable
Relevant
Good research criteria
Not just first full text article you find
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PubMed MEDLINE
Getting the articles when there is no FSU icon
If there is no FSU icon, there are
other options:
1. Search E-Journal Titles for the
journal name
PubMed MEDLINE
Getting the articles when there is no FSU icon
1
If there is no FSU icon, there are
other options:
1. Check the FSU COM ejournals page.
2. Check the All FSU E-Journals
Page.
3. Check the online library
catalog. If in paper, hoof it.
4. Request an Inter-Library Loan
(ILL).
2
4
3
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E-Journals
In electronic less
than 12~ years
Each journal
different
Digitizing old
issues slowly
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FSU E-Journals
Consultant Pharmacist only up to 2000
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Interlibrary Loan:
1. Sign into EZProxy
2. Fill out form
3. Copy and Paste info from
PubMed Citation into Section 2
4. Get PMID #
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Finding Full Text Articles
1. Pubmed Linked to full text? No…
2. Medicine E-Journals list from library
webpage? Not listed…
3. FSU E-Journalsfrom library webpage.
In electric format? No...
4. Online Library Catelog. Owned in
print? No…
5. Interlibrary loans for titles not owned
by FSU (link at top of Library Webpage)
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Recommendation
Create folder for articles in My Documents
Save PDF of article, Creating a library of
articles
If no PDF, Print Preview, Copy and paste
into Word document and save
Add link in Endnote (Later...)
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Searching Electronic Textbooks
Multi Search
Use one word
searches on a topic for
best results
Searches major E-Book
subscription resources
Book link in PubMed
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Librarian Consults
Set up an appointment
Attend group help sessions
Schedule to be announced
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Finding Health Statistics
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Informatics Resources
Topic Areas > Research
Health Statistics
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Types of Health Statistics Questions
Fact lookups [population, demographics]
Research
Presentations
Social and Policy indicators
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Strategies for Finding Health Stats
Google Search
Use Portal
Start at Internet site
Start with book or article
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Internet Portals of Health Stats
Lists of links that provide starting points for
browsing or searching
Keyword search in portal vs Google
General idea what you want
The National Center for Health Statistics portal:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
DHHS Gateway to Data and Statistics
Health Services Research Information Central
(NLM)
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Lexis-Nexis Statistical Universe
Subscription resource
Searches stat data
Subject List
Limit search
Reports or tables
http://web.lexisnexis.com/statuniv?B1=Connect+to+Statis
tical+Universe
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MMWR
Morbidity – illness
Mortality – death
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
Disease Trends
Tables - searchable
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Health Care Data
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
HCUPnet
Hospital discharges
Ambulatory service
Costs
Amount of care
By diagnosis and procedure
Surveys of hosp, physicians, nursing homes
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Health Consequences
Costs to society, individuals
Cost from care
Costs of illness
Impact on infrastructure
HCFA=>CMS Health Accounts
http://cms.hhs.gov/
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State and International Data
Floridahealthstat.com - Where Florida
Health Data Resides
KFF State Health Facts Online
United Nations Statistics Division
World Health Organization Research
Tools
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Citations and References
Note: Endnote Web Camtasia
Tutorials on Library Tutorials Page
55
Style Guides
AMA Style Guide*
Examples of AMA Citations
Other Style Guides
What do I mean by Style Guides?
Format required for submitting articles to journal
Informatics Resources|Topics|Research|Style Guides
56
APA Style
Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their
country.(Alpay & Russell, 2002) Four score and seven
years ago our forefathers brought forth a new nation
conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal.(Balen & Jewesson, 2004)
References
Alpay, L., & Russell, A. (2002). Information technology
training in primary care: the nurses' voice. Comput
Inform Nurs, 20(4), 136-142.
Balen, R. M., & Jewesson, P. J. (2004). Pharmacist
computer skills and needs assessment survey. J Med
Internet Res, 6(1), e11.
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JAMA Style
This is the style to use.
Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of
their country.1 Four score and seven years ago our
forefathers brought forth a new nation conceived in liberty
and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal.2
References
1. Alpay L, Russell A. Information technology training in
primary care: the nurses' voice. Comput Inform Nurs.
Jul-Aug 2002;20(4):136-142.
2. Balen RM, Jewesson PJ. Pharmacist computer skills and
needs assessment survey. J Med Internet Res. Mar 29
2004;6(1):e11.
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Paper Format
Margins 1”, top, bottom, left and right
8 ½ X 11 inch white paper
Portrait orientation
Double Spaced
Font:
Normal: Times New Roman, 12 point
Document title, Heading 2 style: Arial, 14 point, bold,
italics
Section titles, Heading 3 style: Arial, 13 point, bold
Subsection titles, Times New Roman, 12 point,
underlined
Download Sample Title Page
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Recommendation
1. Use Pubmed to find articles
2. Save PDF, Print out, read, keep or pitch,
highlight
3. Do web search for government reports…
4. Print out, read, keep or pitch
5. Do eBooks search, etc
6. Find appropriate statistics
7. Other databases (newspapers)
8. Once you have all items to cite printed out…
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EndnoteWeb
Stores your references on the web
Runs in Word
Manages Citations
Creates References
Automatically formats JAMA style
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Research Paper
Endnote Library
of References
Now is the time for all
good men to come to
the aid of their country.
(citation)
Stack of
References:
Journal articles
Book chapters
Web sites
Monographs
References
- Bibliographic citation
-
Word Document
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First Time You Start Endnote Web
1.
2.
3.
4.
www.myendnoteweb.com
Set up Account
UserID: email
Password (must have at least 1 letter, 1
number, 1 symbol)
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Start Endnote Web in Word 2010
X
Endnote Web Tool Bar on Ribbon
Will ask you to sign in
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Use Endnote Web in Word
1. Create an Endnote Library online
2. Add all cited articles, books, websites,
etc. to library
3. Set the Format to JAMA
4. As you type, Find and insert citation
•
Pick reference from library
5. Endnote creates the bibliography
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Organize Your References
Create New Group for this paper
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How to Populate the Library - Options
Endnote Web References
Manually enter
references
Connect to Pubmed or
other database and
capture
Search Pubmed or other
DB and save results then
import (see tutorials on
Library website)
In Google Scholar, WOS
or OVID, search and
export directly to Endnote
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Add Citations to Library
Type them in
Book chapters
Newspaper articles
Statistical Reports
Websites
Let Endnote Web grab from PubMed,
PsychLit, OVID, etc.
Journal articles
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How to Type in Citation
In Endnote Web
Collect Tab
Select New Reference
Pick reference type
Type in fields
Pick Group to save
to
Click SAVE
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What Fields Do You Need to fill in?
Look at or print our
Examples AMA Citations
Under Style Guides in Research
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How to Capture References
Collect Tab
Online Search
Pick a source
Pubmed [NLM]
Connect
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Perform Search
If article known
Use Author and Title word
Search
72
Perform Search
Retrieve Articles
found
Pick article(s)
Add to Group
Pick group
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Cite While You Write
In Word
1. Put Cursor on spot
2. Endnote Web
Ribbon
Find Citation
3. Type author
4. Click Find
5. Click citation of
choice
6. Click Insert
Insert
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Citation and Reference Appear in Word Document
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Set AMA Style
In Endnote Web
Ribbon
Style: dropdown
Find JAMA
If not there…
Open Bibliography
dialog box
Pick JAMA under
output style
76
Export References
PowerPoint
Reference Slides
JAMA format
Format >
Bibliography
Save as RTF
Open in Word
Copy and paste in
PowerPoint
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Hands on practice
Do a few on your own.
If you are missing Endnote Web or
Stedmans, go by IT office or tell Help
Desk and get them installed.
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In Summary
Pick a topic
Use PubMed to find Journal Articles
Get Librarians to help you find articles
Save them as PDFs
Find some Health Statistics on your topic
Use Endnote to manage your citations in
your paper
WRITE YOUR PAPER
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