Transcript Autism
Autism By: Adam Bean Intoduction Autism is one of five disorders classified under the autism spectrum disorders characterized by some deficit in social interaction, communication, and range of interests and activities there has been over a 550% increase in the number of cases reported since 1991 Behavioral Features Social Abnormalities – Avoidance of eyecontact – Preference for inanimate stimulation over people – Lack of social referencing – Few relationships Behavioral Features Cont. Abnormalities of language – Limited or no language skills (35 % do not develop spoken language) – Echolalia – Failure to gesture – Pronoun reversal – Difficulty understanding non-literal language – Difficulty sustaining conversation – Difficulty with pragmatics Behavioral Features Cont. Restricted Patterns of Behaviors and Interests – Hypersensitivity or undersensitivity to sensory information – Persistence with objects for long periods of time – Purposeless, self-stimulating behavior – Insistence on sameness – Unusual response to stimuli Risk Factors Exposures to – MMR Vaccine – Thalidomine – Valproate older parents are more likely to have autistic children Mothers outside of Europe and North America are three times more likely to have a child with autism Heritibility 4 to 1 male to female ratio 1 in 150 people are affected 92% recurrence rate in identical twins 10% recurrence rate in fraternal twins 2-8% recurrence rate in siblings Genetics Estimated that up to 10 genes are involved Genes found at 8q23-24 and 16p12-13 chromosomes are abundant in studies serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) on 17q11-q12 Several genes involved Diagnosis Diagnosis must be achieved through observation which occurs in first three years of life individual’s communication, behavior, and developmental skills are observed Several screening tests are available – Checklist for Autism in Toddlers – Autism Screening Questionnaire Treatment Behavior intervention therapy Medications – haloperidol – risperidone Conclusion 33% of children with Autism have intelligence in normal or above normal range 5% of people diagnosed with autism develop a isolated and often remarkable talent References Chen, GK, Kone, N, Geschwind, DH, Cantor, RM. "Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Nonverbal Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder." Molecular Psychiatry 11(2006): [214-220]. Hultman , Christina M.; Spare, Par; Cnattingius, Sven;. "Perinatal Risk Factors for Infantile Autism." Epidemiology 13(2002): [417-423]. Muhle R., (2004).The genetics of autism. Pediatrics. 113, 472-486 Perry, Dr. William (2007).Searching for early signs of autism spectrum disorders. Harvard Mental Health Letter. 35, [4-5]. Posey, David J., Stigler, Kimberly A., Erickson, Craig A., Mcdougle, Christopher J., "Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Autism." Science in Medicine 118(2008): [6-14]. Rimland, Dr. Bernard (2000). Autsim Society of America. Retrieved October 10 2008, from autism-society Web site: http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=asa_home Tager-Flusberg, Helen, Joseph, Robert M. "Identifying Neurocognitive Phenotypes in Autism." Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 358(2003): [303-314]. West, Lis, and Waldrop, Julee. "Risperidone Use in the Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Autism.” Continuing Nursing Education Series 32(2006):[545-549].