Transcript MP 3 Quarterly Assessment Review

MP 3 Quarterly Assessment
Review
DNA & RNA, Mutations, &
Biotechnology
DNA & RNA #1
• There are four bases in DNA. What are they
and how do they pair together?
– Adenine (A)
– Thymine (T)
– Cytosine (C)
– Guanine (G)
– PAIRS:
• A pairs with T
• C pairs with G
DNA & RNA #2
• There are four bases in RNA. What are they
and how do they pair together?
– Adenine (A)
– Uracil (U)
– Cytosine (C)
– Guanine (G)
– PAIRS:
• A pairs with U
• C pairs with G
DNA & RNA #3
Replication
Transcription
Make identical
copies of DNA
Make RNA
E: nucleus
P: cytoplasm
E: nucleus/
nucleolus
P: cytoplasm
Translation
Make proteins
from RNA
All: in cytoplasm
on a ribosome
DNA & RNA #4
• How does DNA determine traits of an
organism?
– Genes are stored in DNA and read as codons
– Codons are for certain amino acids (same in most
organisms)
– Amino acids make proteins
– Proteins are how traits are expressed
Mutations #1
• What is a mutation?
– Any change in an organism’s DNA
Mutations #2
• Mutagens are substances known to cause
mutations. Give some examples of mutagens.
– Chemicals
– Tobacco products
– UV rays
– X rays
– Radiation and chemotherapy
Mutations #3A
• Original:
– Mutation 1:
Deletion
• Identify _________________________
• Explain: A gene (or genes) are deleted or
removed from the chromosome
Mutations #3B
• Original:
– Mutation 2:
Insertion
• Identify _________________________
• Explain: A gene (or genes) are inserted or added
to the chromosome
Mutations #3C
• Original:
– Mutation 3:
Inversion
• Identify _________________________
• Explain: A piece of the chromosome breaks off,
flips around, and reattached itself
Mutations #3D
• Original:
– Mutation 4:
Translocation
• Identify _________________________
• Explain: Non-homologous chromosomes
exchange pieces
Biotechnology #1
• Bacteria are commonly used in genetic
engineering. Explain how they can be used in
this process.
– A gene from one organism (plant, human, other
animal) can be cut out of its DNA
– Bacterial DNA can be cut
– Foreign gene is put into the bacterial DNA
– Bacteria express foreign gene
Biotechnology #2
Genetically engineered/modified crops are becoming more
and more common. List some pros and cons of GM crops.
Pros
• Produce more food for
people
• Add nutrients to food
• Extend growing seasons
• Plants can resist diseases
and pests
Cons
• Genes added to plants can
be transferred to other
plants in the area
(unplanned interactions)
• Unknown health risks
Biotechnology #3
• Bacteria can be used to produce human proteins.
One example of this that we discussed in class was
when scientists genetically engineered bacteria to be
able to produce human insulin to treat diabetes so
that people would not have to use insulin from other
animals any longer. Explain why this is beneficial.
– No reactions to animal insulin
– Cheap and available for more people