Transcript DNA and Mutations Power Point

DNA, Mutations and Hazardous
Waste
Prokaryote Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Chromosomes
DNA Structure
Nucleotides Make up Nucleic Acid
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nucleotide= nitrogenous base + phosphate
group + sugar
Bases DNA= A,T, G, C
Bases RNA= A, U, G, C
Pairs A-T(U), G-C ALWAYS
Central Dogma Theory
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DNA replication- DNA to DNA
DNA transcription- DNA to RNA (transcribe
genes into RNA, junk DNA does not need to
transcribe or gets deleted after transcription)
Translation- RNA into protein (uses 3 types of
RNA to get proteins made!)
Messenger RNA Begins Translation
at a Ribosome
Genetic Code Determines Amino
Acid
Protein Chain Begins to Grow
Termination
Point Mutations
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Point mutations are changes in single bases
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silent mutations occur when the amino acid that it codes for
doesn't change due to the DNA mutation
missense mutations cause an amino acid substitution (sicklecell anemia), these mutations may reduce or disable protein
function
codon has a point or shift change that causes the translation
process to be terminated too early
frame-shift is when a single-base is inserted or deleted in a
gene
this has the potential of changing most of the codons and
associated amino acids
Chromosomal Mutations- Deletion
Chromosomal Mutation- cont.
Chromosomal Mutations cont.
Chromosomal Mutations- cont.
Other Mutagenic Terms
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Mutagen- any chemical or physical agent that induces a
genetic mutation or increases the mutation rate
Teratogen- any substance, agent, or process that
interferes with normal prenatal development causing
one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus.
Carcinogen- a substance or agent that causes the
development or increases the incidence of cancer
Causes of Cancer
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More than 80% of cases of cancer are attributed
to cigarette smoking, exposure to carcinogenic
chemicals, ionizing radiation, and ultraviolet
rays; overexposure to the sun is the major cause
of skin cancer.
Mutations can be spontaneous or
induced
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When would a mutation be spontaneous?
When would a mutation be induced?
Mutations can be detrimental,
neutral or occasionally beneficial
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Detrimental
Neutral
Beneficial
Think Evolution and Natural Selection- DNA
mutations are necessary for this to occur!