Transcript history-of-psychologyx

Mannino Psychology Lecture Series
Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior
Genetics and Behavior
• Chromosomes and Genes
• Gene-Environment Correlations: Nature or Nurture?
• The Influence of Genes on Behavior
• The Influence of Behavior on Genes
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Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior
Chromosomes and Genes
• Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus of a cell containing DNA coiled
around histone proteins.
• All animals have some number of chromosomes, which transmit genetic material.
Human beings have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
• Humans have two types of chromosomes: autosomes and sex chromosomes.
• Chromosomal abnormalities can result in genetic conditions such as Down
syndrome.
Human chromosome structure
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Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior
Gene-Environment Correlations: Nature or Nurture?
• Today it is generally accepted that nature and nurture work in tandem to create
the people we ultimately become.
• Adoption and twin studies show that both nature and nurture are factors in human
development.
• The environment in which a person is raised can trigger expressions of behavior
for which that person is genetically predisposed; genetically identical people
raised in different environments may exhibit different behavior.
• Three types of gene-environment correlations (rGE) exist: passive (ambiguous
correlation), evocative (one factor invokes a response in the other), and active
(one factor influences a preference for another).
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Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior
The Influence of Genes on Behavior
• Classical, or Mendelian, genetics examines how genes are passed from one
generation to the next.
• Behavioral genetics examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on
animal (including human) behavior.
• There are many ways to manipulate genetic makeup, such as cross-breeding to
achieve certain characteristics.
• It is difficult to ascertain whether genetics ("nature") or the environment ("nurture")
has a stronger influence on behavior. It is generally believed that human behavior
is determined by complex interactions of both nature and nurture.
Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics
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Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior
The Influence of Behavior on Genes
• Drug use, environmental exposure, and eating habits have all been linked to
changes in gene expression. While some such influences are harmless or even
beneficial, others can be extremely detrimental. Researchers hope to identify
these behaviors and their effects.
• EEG and PET scans show psychologists how certain behaviors trigger reactions
in the brain, which can lead to the discovery of certain determinant genes, such
as those that influence addictive behaviors.
• Exposure of a fetus to alcohol and drugs can lead to a host of developmental
problems after birth, the most serious of which is fetal alcohol syndrome.
Himalayan rabbit
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Appendix
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Key terms
• autosome Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
• behavioral genetics The field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behavior; often involves
the nature-versus-nurture debate.
• chromosome A structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins.
• ethology The scientific study of human and animal behavior.
• fetal alcohol syndrome Any of a spectrum of birth defects resulting from excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during
pregnancy.
• gene A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next and that carries genetic
information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein.
• gene A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA transmitted from one generation to the next, carrying genetic information
such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein.
• gene-environment correlation A relationship in which exposure to environmental conditions correlates with an individual's
genotype.
• genetics The branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, particularly
chromosomes and DNA.
• phenotype The observable expression of a gene.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics
Mendel's work with pea plants demonstrated that certain traits follow particular patterns.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Effects of drug and alcohol use on genetic makeup
People who use alcohol can alter their genetic makeup, possibly activating genes associated with addiction.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Peers socializing
Children with positive genetic characteristics tend to socialize better with their peers.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Dolly the sheep
The first successfully cloned animal. Chromosomal and genetic manipulation are controversial topics.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Himalayan rabbit
Exposure to cold temperatures activates pigment-producing genes in the rabbit's extremities.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Human chromosome structure
Chromosomes are made up of a variety of gene sequences. By studying chromosomes and genes, scientists are able to determine the genetic basis for
many diseases.
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Human beings have two types of chromosomes - sex
chromosomes and ___________.
A) Autosomes
B) DNA and RNA
C) Genomes
D) Cytosomes
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Human beings have two types of chromosomes - sex
chromosomes and ___________.
A) Autosomes
B) DNA and RNA
C) Genomes
D) Cytosomes
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
When Marla was 8 months old, she was adopted by a couple with
whom she shares no genetic traits. Years later, researchers
compare Marla to her biological mother and find several
similarities in personality. What does this kind of adoption study
help to reveal?
A) The role of genetics on the development of personality
B) The lack of influence environment has on personality
C) The importance of remaining close with one's family of origin
D) The difficulty of adjusting to non-biological parents
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
When Marla was 8 months old, she was adopted by a couple with
whom she shares no genetic traits. Years later, researchers
compare Marla to her biological mother and find several
similarities in personality. What does this kind of adoption study
help to reveal?
A) The role of genetics on the development of personality
B) The lack of influence environment has on personality
C) The importance of remaining close with one's family of origin
D) The difficulty of adjusting to non-biological parents
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
A young girl shares her father's athletic tendencies and loves to
hike. Are these traits the result of genetics or her environment?
A) Her environment - being raised by her father has led her to share
similar interests
B) Genetics - her father's athleticism has been genetically passed down
C) Both environment and genetics - while she may have inherited
aspects of her father's bodytype and build, she has likely also been
influenced by her environment.
D) Neither genetics or environment - traits such as these are entirely by
chance
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
A young girl shares her father's athletic tendencies and loves to
hike. Are these traits the result of genetics or her environment?
A) Her environment - being raised by her father has led her to share
similar interests
B) Genetics - her father's athleticism has been genetically passed down
C) Both environment and genetics - while she may have inherited
aspects of her father's bodytype and build, she has likely also been
influenced by her environment.
D) Neither genetics or environment - traits such as these are entirely by
chance
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Exposure to drugs and alcohol can lead to all of the following
EXCEPT
A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) addiction
C) improved physical health
D) death
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Exposure to drugs and alcohol can lead to all of the following
EXCEPT
A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) addiction
C) improved physical health
D) death
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Biological Foundations of Psychology
Attribution
• Connexions. "Basic Principles of Genetics." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m26565/1.1/
• Wiktionary. "autosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autosome
• Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene
• Wiktionary. "chromosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromosome
• Wikibooks. "Animal Behavior/Behavioral Genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Behavioral_Genetics
• Wikipedia. "Gregor mendel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_mendel
• Wiktionary. "ethology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethology
• Wiktionary. "genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetics
• Wikipedia. "developmental genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/developmental%20genetics
• Wikipedia. "behavioral genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/behavioral%20genetics
• Wikipedia. "Prenatal alcohol exposure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_alcohol_exposure
• Wiktionary. "fetal alcohol syndrome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fetal+alcohol+syndrome
• Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene
• Wikipedia. "Gene-environment correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-environment_correlation
• Wikibooks. "Applied History of Psychology/Controversies." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Controversies
• Wikipedia. "gene-environment correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene-environment%20correlation
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