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Religion
The Nature of Religion
Types of Religions
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Religion
(continued)
Religious Organizations
Religion in the U.S.
Major Religions in the U.S.
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Religion > The Nature of Religion
The Nature of Religion
• The Nature of Religion
• The Elements of Religion
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Religion > The Nature of Religion
The Nature of Religion
• The sociologist Emile Durkheim defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs
and practices relative to sacred things. " By sacred things he meant things "set
apart and forbidden — beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
community called a Church, all those who adhere to them".
• The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some
religions emphasize belief while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus
on subjective experience of the religious individual while others consider activities
of the religious community to be most important.
• Social constructionism says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all
spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions
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and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western
cultures.
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Religion > The Nature of Religion
The Elements of Religion
• Sacred refers to collective interests within different religious practices. Profane
acts include individual concerns that are not part of religious rituals.
• Emile Durkheim argues that religion is composed of the sacred elements of social
life. However, many see this definition as too broad, since there are many
collective interests that most do not consider religious.
• Ritual is an everyday practice that resembles symbolic meaning in different
religions.
• Other social scientists view religion as any attempt to answer existential
questions. Many also consider this too broad a definition.
• A third social scientific perspective views religion as the collective beliefs and
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rituals of a group relating to the supernatural. Though not without criticisms, this
categorization most closely adheres to the traditional and popular view of what
constitutes a religion.
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Religion > Types of Religions
Types of Religions
• Magic and Supernaturalism
• Animism
• Theism and Monotheism
• Abstract Ideals
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Religion > Types of Religions
Magic and Supernaturalism
• Supernatural forces are not bound to laws of nature; they work outside of them.
• Mana is a classic example of a supernatural force that imbues objects with
powers of authority.
• The term religion is reserved for an organized cult with a priesthood and
dedicated sites of worship or sacrifice, while magic is prevalent in all societies,
regardless of whether they have organized religion or more general systems of
animism or shamanism.
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Religion > Types of Religions
Animism
• Pantheism is the belief that everything shares the same spiritual essence—
individuals do not have distinct spirits or souls. Animism puts more emphasis on
the uniqueness of each individual soul.
• In animist societies, ritual is considered essential to win the favor of the spirits that
ward off other malevolent spirits and provide food, shelter, and fertility.
• Shamans, also sometimes called medicine men or women, serve as mediums
between the physical world and the world of spirits.
Shinto Shrine
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Religion > Types of Religions
Theism and Monotheism
• Since theism is so common throughout human history, Emile Durkheim saw
deities as an extension of human social life.
• Monotheistic traditions conceive of God as omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent
and active in the governance and organization of the world and universe.
Judaism, Christianity and Islam are monotheistic.
• Deism holds that religious beliefs must be founded on human reason and
observed features of the natural world, and that these sources reveal the
existence of a supreme being as creator.
• Polytheism is the belief that multiple gods exist. Hard polytheism recognizes
multiple gods as being distinct and separate beings, while soft polytheism views
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multiple gods as being connected under the umbrella of a greater whole.
• Panentheism is the belief that the universe is a part of a deity, but that the deity is
greater than the universe.
• Polytheism is the belief that multiple gods exist, but do not intervene with the
universe.
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Religion > Types of Religions
• Monolatrism refers to the belief that there may be more than one deity, but that only one is worthy of being worshiped.
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Religion > Types of Religions
Abstract Ideals
• Religion is a unified system of beliefs, rituals and practices typically involving a
broader community of believers who share common definitions of the sacred and
profane.
• Sociologists use different categorizations to distinguish religions based on beliefs
and rituals.
• Abstract Ideals refers to religions that focus on sacred principles and thoughts
which guide our lives and typically have no divine beings in charge of the world
and universe.
• "Simple supernaturalism" refers to religions that have no gods but focus on
human and non-human supernatural forces which influence us.
Amida Buddha, Phoenix Hall, Byodo-in, Kyoto
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• Animism also has no gods, but focuses on good or evil spirits inhabiting animals,
rocks and/or people.
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Religion > The Functionalist Perspective
The Functionalist Perspective
• Functions of Religion
• Religion and Social Support
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Religion > The Functionalist Perspective
Functions of Religion
• The positivist tradition encourages the study of society using dispassionate and
scientific methods.
• Emile Durkheim argued that religion provides social cohesion and social control to
maintain society in social solidarity.
• Collective consciousness, which is the fusion of all of our individual
consciousnesses, creates a reality of its own.
• Critics of the functionalist approach point out that religion can be dysfunctional.
For example, religion may incite violence by a fundamentalist religious group.
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Religion > The Functionalist Perspective
Religion and Social Support
• Many studies suggest that religious people are happier and less stressed than
their non-religious counterparts.
• The Legatum Prosperity Index reflects the research that there is a positive link
between religious engagement and well-being.
• Religiosity has a salutary relationship with psychological adjustment, because it is
related to less psychological distress, more life satisfaction, and better selfactualization.
Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism
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Religion > The Conflict Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
• Marx and the "Opiate of the Masses"
• Religion and Social Control
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Religion > The Conflict Perspective
Marx and the "Opiate of the Masses"
• One of the most frequently paraphrased statements of Karl Marx is, religion is the
opium of the people.
• Karl Marx argues that religion plays a significant role in maintaining the status quo
by promising rewards in the after-life rather than in this life.
• Social inequalities result from the differences inherent in class structures, such as
the inequality between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
Religion as opium of the people
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Religion > The Conflict Perspective
Religion and Social Control
• The social-conflict approach to religion highlights how religion, as a phenomenon
of human behavior, maintains social inequality by advancing a worldview that
justifies oppression.
• Karl Marx's critical approach demanded that action be taken to resolve social
inequalities. This was in stark contrast to his scholarly peers, many of whom
pursued scholarship for the sake of knowledge, and did not attach to these
academic projects overt political goals.
• Karl Marx viewed religion as a social control used to maintain the status quo in a
given society.
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Religion > The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
• Religious Symbols
• Rituals
• Beliefs
• Religious Experience
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Religion > The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Religious Symbols
• Christianity has borrowed from the common stock of significant symbols known to
most periods and to all regions of the world.
• Universalism refers to religious, theological and philosophical concepts with
universal application or applicability.
• Comparative religion is the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices
of the world's religions.
Hindu Symbol
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Religion > The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rituals
• The term ritual usually refers to actions which are stylized, while excluding actions
which are arbitrarily chosen by the performers.
• In religion, a ritual can comprise the prescribed outward forms observation within
a religion or religious denomination.
• The purposes of rituals are varied and may include fulfillment of religious
obligations or ideals, satisfaction of spiritual or emotional needs of the
practitioners, strengthening of social bonds, social and moral education, etc.
• The social function of rituals has often been exploited for political ends. Alongside
the personal dimensions of worship and reverence, rituals can have a more basic
social functions in expressing, fixing, and reinforcing the shared values and
Devotees tie red crimson threads on making a
wish fulfilled.
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beliefs of a society.
• Many animal species use ritualized actions to court or to greet each other or to
fight.
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Religion > The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Beliefs
• Religious adherents often distinguish religious belief from superstition. The term
superstition refers to what are seen as excessive or false religious behaviors as
opposed to proper or accepted religious standards.
• People with pluralist beliefs make no distinction between faith systems, viewing
each one as valid within a particular culture.
• People with syncretistic views blend the views of a variety of different religions or
traditional beliefs into a unique fusion which suits their particular experience and
context.
• People with exclusivist beliefs typically explain other religions as either in error, or
as corruptions or counterfeits of the true faith. In monotheistic faiths, references to
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God are used in constructs such as "God's Chosen People".
• People with inclusivist beliefs recognize some truth in all faith systems,
highlighting agreements and minimizing differences, but see their own faith as in
some way ultimate.
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Religion > The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Religious Experience
• The German thinker Rudolf Otto argued that all religious experiences are
"numinous" experiences. For Otto, this meant that they invoked the mysterium
tremendum, which is the tendency to invoke fear and trembling, and the
mysterium fascinas, which is the tendency to attract, fascinate, and compel.
• In ecstasy, the believer is understood to have a soul or spirit which can leave the
body.
• In enthusiasm, God is understood to be outside, other than, or beyond the
believer. In such a belief system, this outer deity is believed to occasionally
inhabit and possess the bodies of people. Those who are possessed in this way
are often called mediums.
Catholic Religious Experience
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• In the mystical experience, all otherness disappears and the believer becomes
one with the transcendent. The believer discovers that he or she is not distinct
from other objects, other people, the cosmos, the deity, but part of an
interconnected whole.
• The term spiritual awakening can refer to any of a wide range of experiences,
including being born again, having a near-death experience, or achieving mystical
liberation or enlightenment.
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Religion > Religious Organizations
Religious Organizations
• Cult
• Sect
• The Christian Church
• The Ecclesia
• Religious Denominations
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Religion > Religious Organizations
Cult
• In the 1930s, cults became the object of sociological study in the context of the
study of religious behavior.
• American sociologist Howard P. Becker created four categories by splitting church
into "ecclesia" and "denomination," and sect into "sect" and "cult".
• Cults, for Becker, were small religious groups lacking in organization and
emphasizing the private nature of personal beliefs. Unlike sects, which are
products of religious schism that maintain continuity with traditional beliefs, cults
arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices.
• Those critical of cults share the assumption that some form of coercive
persuasion or mind control is used by cult leaders to recruit and maintain
Cult Members
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members.
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Religion > Religious Organizations
Sect
• Although in the past the term "sect" was mostly used to refer to religious groups, it
has since expanded and in modern culture can refer to any organization that
breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles.
• The historical usage of the term sect in Christianity has had pejorative
connotations, referring to a group or movement with heretical beliefs or practices
that deviate from those of groups considered orthodox.
• Among the first to define sects were the sociologists Max Weber and Ernst
Troeltsch.
• There are differences between sects and cults in the degree that members are
recruited and kept. A sect may also have members who choose to leave later,
Church-sect continuum
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whereas a cult uses any means necessary to keep its members, including
coercion.
• Sectarianism is sometimes defined in the sociology of religion as a worldview that
emphasizes the unique legitimacy of believers' creed and practices and that
heightens tension with society.
• Sectarian violence refers to violence inspired by sectarianism. Some of the
possible inputs for sectarian violence include power struggles, political climate,
social climate, cultural climate, and economic landscape.
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Religion > Religious Organizations
The Christian Church
• The early Church originated in Roman Judea in the first century AD, founded on
the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who is believed by Christians to be the Son of
God and Christ the Messiah.
• The Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy each claim to be the
original Christian Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church bases its claim primarily
on its traditions and beliefs of the original Christian Church.
• The Roman Catholic Church teaches in its doctrine that it is the original Church
founded by Christ and the Apostles in the 1st century AD.
• State churches are organizational bodies within a Christian denomination which
are given official status or operated by a state.
Holy Ascension Orthodox Church in Mount
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• Churches of Christ are autonomous Christian congregations associated with one
another through common beliefs and practices. Members of the Churches of
Christ believe that Jesus founded only one church, that the current divisions
between Christians are not God's will, and that the only basis for restoring
Christian unity is the Bible.
• Protestants believe that the Church, as described in the Bible, has a twofold
character that can be described as the visible and invisible church. The invisible
church consists of all those from every time and place who are vitally united to
Christ through regeneration and salvation and who will be eternally united to
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Jesus Christ in eternal life. The visible
church refers to the institutional body on
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Religion > Religious Organizations
• State churches are organizational bodies within a Christian denomination which are given official status or operated by a state.
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Religion > Religious Organizations
The Ecclesia
• While a church is an institution that acts as the religious guardian for all members
of a community, and that tolerates no competition, an ecclesia is less successful
at garnering absolute adherence among all members.
• State churches are organizational bodies within a Christian denomination that are
either given official status by a state, or operated directly by a state. State
churches in Western Europe are generally ecclesias.
• An ecclesial community is, in Roman Catholic terminology, a Christian religious
group that does not meet the Roman Catholic definition of a church.
• In Catholic canon law, a church is an ecclesial community headed by a bishop or
someone recognized as the equivalent of a bishop.
Choir of an Ecclesia
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Religion > Religious Organizations
Religious Denominations
• Christian denominations include Eastern Orthodox, Anglicanism, and the many
varieties of Protestantism.
• The four branches of Judaism include Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and
Reconstructionist.
• The two main branches of Islam are Sunni and Shia.
• Denominationalism is the division of one religion into separate groups, sects,
schools of thought, or denominations.
• In Christianity, non-denominational institutions or churches are those not formally
aligned with an established denomination, or that remain otherwise officially
Religious Symbols
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autonomous.
• Ecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or
cooperation.
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Religion > Religious Organizations
• The term interfaith dialogue refers to cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of different religious
traditions and spiritual or humanistic beliefs
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Religion in the U.S.
• Religion in the U.S.
• Religious Diversity
• Widespread Belief
• Ecumenism
• Characteristics of Members of Different Religions
• Secularism and the Future of Religion
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Religion in the U.S.
• The First Amendment specifically denies the Federal Government the power to
enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free
exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination
from government interference.
• European Rationalist and Protestant ideals influenced the development of
separation between state and religious affairs.
• The majority of Americans (76% to 80%) identify themselves as Protestants or
Catholics, accounting for 51% and 25% of the population respectively.
Islamic Center
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Religious Diversity
• According to the U.S. Census, the most common religions in the United States
are Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and unaffiliated religions,
including atheists or agnostics.
• Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief
systems co-existing in society.
• Interfaith dialogue refers to dialogue between members of different religions for
the goal of reducing conflicts between their religions and to achieve agreed-upon,
mutually desirable goals.
• Freedom of religion encompasses all religions acts within the law in a particular
region.
Religious Diversity
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Widespread Belief
• Christian denominations in the U.S. are usually divided into three large groups:
Evangelical, Mainline Protestant and Roman Catholic.
• The mainline Protestant Christian denominations were brought to the U.S. by its
historic immigrant groups; for this reason they are sometimes referred to as
heritage churches.
• Other parts of the world have different widespread beliefs. Islam, for example,
dominates the Middle East.
Worldwide Muslim Population
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Ecumenism
• Ecumenism contrasts with interfaith dialogue, which aims at unity, respect, and
cooperation among diverse religions, under the auspices of a shared sense of
spirituality.
• Despite many disagreements over ecumenism and how to approach interfaith
dialogue, there exists a sizable group of Orthodox Christians who are vehemently
opposed to any kind of interfaith dialogue.
• The general understanding of the ecumenical movement is that it came from the
Roman Catholic Church's attempts to reconcile with Christians who had become
separated over theological issues.
Ecumenism Symbol
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Characteristics of Members of Different Religions
• The most prevalent religion in the U.S. is Christianity. Northern European peoples
introduced Protestantism, while the Spanish, French, and English introduced
Catholicism.
• The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of
Ashkenazi Jews who emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as their
U.S.-born descendants.
• American Islam effectively began with the arrival of African slaves. Research
indicates that Muslims in the U.S. are generally more assimilated and prosperous
than Muslims in Europe.
• Buddhism entered the U.S. during the 19th century with the arrival of the first
Hayley Fields at the Beth Israel Torah
Dedication Ceremony
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immigrants from Eastern Asia.
• Sikhs have been a part of the American populace for more than 130 years.
• Buddhism entered the U.S. during the 19th century with the arrival of the first
immigrants from Eastern Asia.
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
• The first time Hinduism entered the U.S. is not clearly identifiable.
• Sikhs have been a part of the American populace for more than 130 years.
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Religion > Religion in the U.S.
Secularism and the Future of Religion
• The secularization of a society refers to the process it undergoes when it shifts
away from closely identifying with religious values and institutions towards
affiliating with nonreligious values and institutions.
• The term secularization was coined by the British writer George Jacob Holyoake
in 1851 and is most closely associated with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe.
• In a political context, secularization is the separation of the state from the church.
• When speaking of social structures, secularization refers to the increasing division
of labor and occupational specialization in society (differentiation).
• Evidence suggests that "no religion" is becoming an increasingly prevalent
religious status in the United States.
Sacred and Secular
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Major Religions in the U.S.
• Protestantism
• Catholicism
• Judaism
• Islam
• Social Correlates of Religion
• Affiliation
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Protestantism
• Evangelicalism is the conversion of individuals, through the preaching of the
Word. from a state of sin to a "new birth".
• The Great Awakening refers to a northeastern Protestant revival movement that
took place in the 1730s and 1740s.
• The Second Great Awakening has been called the central and defining event in
the development of Afro-Christianity. It began after many African Americans
became dissatisfied with their treatment in white churches, and disappointed by
their fellow believers' disinterest in abolishing slavery.
• The Federal Council of Churches, founded in 1908, marked the first major
expression of a growing, modern ecumenical movement among Christians in the
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United States.
• The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States represented,
in the 1950s, an extension and expansion of the Federal Council of Churches, the
International Council of Religious Education, and several other interchurch
ministries.
• Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was but one of many notable black ministers involved
in the Civil Rights Movement.
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
• Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was but one of many notable black ministers involved in the Civil Rights Movement.
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Catholicism
• The Pope is the head of the Catholic Church and faith.
• Immigrants in the 19th century made Catholicism the largest religion in the United
States.
• Acquisition of territories in the 19th century, formerly possessions of France,
Spain, and Mexico, added to the Catholic population in the United States.
Assumption Catholic Church
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Judaism
• The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of
Ashkenazi Jews who emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe, and their U.S.born descendants.
• Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi
Jews, and a number of converts.
• American Jews are more likely to be atheist or agnostic than most Americans,
especially so compared with Protestants or Catholics.
• The Holocaust was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews
during World War II.
A Haredi Jew in New York CIty
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Islam
• Many of the slaves brought to colonial America from Africa were Muslims. By
1800, some 500,000 Africans arrived in what became the United States.
Historians estimate that between 15 to 30 percent of all enslaved African men,
and less than 15 percent of the enslaved African women, were Muslims.
• American Muslims come from various backgrounds, and are one of the most
racially diverse religious groups in the United States according to a 2009 Gallup
poll. Native-born American Muslims are mainly African Americans who make up
about a quarter of the total Muslim population.
• Unlike many Muslims in Europe, American Muslims do not tend to feel
marginalized or isolated from political participation. Several organizations were
Masjid Malcolm Shabazz Mosque
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formed by the American Muslim community to serve as 'critical consultants' on
U.S. policy regarding Iraq and Afghanistan.
• Mosques are places of worship for Islamic religions.
• In the United States there exist a number of different traditions. As in the rest of
the world, the Sunni Muslims are in the majority. Shia Muslims, especially those in
the Iranian immigrant community, are also active in community affairs.
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Social Correlates of Religion
• Some sociological research indicates that highly religious, developed nations
have higher rates of homicide, mortality, sexually transmitted infections, teen
pregnancies, and abortions, whereas so-called "Godless" developed nations have
significantly lower mortality rates.
• A BBC research study on religion in Europe suggests that religious belief has
declined over the years.
• A study by sociologist Lisa A. Keister found that adherents of Judaism and
Episcopalianism attained the most wealth; believers of Catholicism and mainline
Protestants were in the middle; and conservative Protestants accumulated the
least wealth.
Religion versus GDP per Capita
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• Surveys by Gallup, the National Opinion Research Center and the Pew
Organization conclude that spiritually committed people are twice as likely to
report being "very happy" than the least religiously committed people.
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Religion > Major Religions in the U.S.
Affiliation
• The U.S. is a very religiously diverse country. People who identify as Christians in
the U.S. encompass the majority of the population, although there are a wide
variety of denominations that have developed since the introduction of Christianity
in colonial times.
• Unaffiliated beliefs, including atheism and agnosticism, are the second largest
group. Judaism is the third largest group, and Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and
other beliefs are less than one percent of the population.
• According to recent surveys, 83% of Americans identify with a religious
denomination. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important"
role in their lives, a proportion unique among developed nations.
Salt Lake Temple, Utah
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• The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion while also
preventing the government from establishing a state religion.
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Appendix
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Religion
Key terms
• Age of Enlightenment A period of time ranging from part of the 17th Century through much of the 18th Century, characterized
particularly by the importance of logic and reason.
• agnostic Doubtful or uncertain about the existence or demonstrability of God or other deity.
• agnosticism The view that the existence of God or of all deities is unknown, unknowable, unproven, or unprovable.
• American Islam From the 1880s to 1914, several thousand Muslims immigrated to the United States from the Ottoman Empire
and from parts of South Asia; they did not form distinctive settlements, and probably mostly assimilated into the wider society.
• animism A belief that spirits inhabit some or all classes of natural objects or phenomena.
• apostate A person who has renounced a religion or faith.
• assembly A legislative body; e.g., the General Assembly of the United Nations.
• belief system The basis of a set of beliefs
• bourgeoisie The capitalist class.
• church a Christian religious institution or building
• Civil Rights Movement The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for legal equality that occured between
approximately 1950 and 1980.
• comparative religion Comparative religion compares the doctrines and practices of the worlds religions.
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Religion
• creed That which is believed; accepted doctrine, especially religious; a particular set of beliefs; any summary of principles or
opinions professed or adhered to.
• cult A group of people with a religious, philosophical or cultural identity sometimes viewed as a sect, often existing on the
margins of society or exploitative towards its members.
• deity A preternatural or supernatural human or non-human being or entity, or an object that possesses miraculous or
supernatural attributes, powers or superpowers (e.g. a god or goddess).
• denomination A class, or society of individuals, called by the same name; a sect; as, a denomination of Christians.
• denomination A class, or society of individuals, called by the same name; a sect; as, a denomination of Christians.
• denominationalism The division of one religion into separate groups, sects, schools of thought, or denominations.
• divine eternal, holy, or otherwise supernatural.
• ecclesia The congregation, the group of believers, symbolic body or building.
• ecclesial community An ecclesial community is, in Roman Catholic terminology, a Christian religious group that does not meet
the Roman Catholic definition of a "Church".
• ecstasy a trance, frenzy, or rapture associated with mystic or prophetic exaltation
• ecumenism Ecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation.
• ecumenism Ecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation.
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Religion
• evangelicalism Protestant movement basing its theology almost entirely on Scripture, which is held to be inerrant.
• First Amendment The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The
amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion,
abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or
prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances.
• freedom of religion The right of citizens to hold any religious or non-religious beliefs, and to carry out any practices in
accordance with those beliefs, so long as they do not interfere with another person's legal or civil rights, or any reasonable
laws, without fear of harm or prosecution.
• hierarchy Any group of objects ranked so that everyone but the topmost is subordinate to a specified group above it.
• interfaith dialogue The term interfaith dialogue refers to cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of
different religious traditions (i.e., "faiths") or spiritual or humanistic beliefs, at both the individual and institutional levels. It is
distinct from syncretism or alternative religion; this dialogue often promotes understanding between different religions to
increase acceptance of others, rather than attempting to synthesize new beliefs.
• interfaith dialogue The term interfaith dialogue refers to cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of
different religious traditions (i.e., "faiths") or spiritual or humanistic beliefs, at both the individual and institutional levels. It is
distinct from syncretism or alternative religion; this dialogue often promotes understanding between different religions to
increase acceptance of others, rather than attempting to synthesize new beliefs.
• interfaith dialogue The term interfaith dialogue refers to cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of
different religious traditions (i.e., "faiths") or spiritual or humanistic beliefs, at both the individual and institutional levels. It is
distinct from syncretism or alternative religion; this dialogue often promotes understanding between different religions to
increase acceptance of others, rather than attempting to synthesize new beliefs.
• Invisible Church The invisible church or church invisible is a theological concept of an "invisible" body of the elect who are
known only to God, in contrast to the "visible church"—that is, the institutional body on earth which preaches the gospel and
administers the sacraments.
• Judaism A world religion tracing its origin to the Hebrew people of the ancient Middle-East, as documented in religious writings
known as the Torah or Old Testament.
• Mainline Protestantism Mainline Protestant (also sometimes called "mainstream American Protestant") are certain Protestant
churches in the United States that comprised a majority of Americans from the colonial era until the early 20th century.
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• mana A form of supernatural energy in Polynesian religion that inheres in things or people.
Religion
• mosque A place of worship for Muslims, corresponding to a church or synagogue in other religions, often having at least one
minaret; a masjid.
• Muslim A person who is a follower and believer of the Islamic faith.
• mystical experience In the mystical experience, all otherness'disappears and the believer becomes one with the transcendent.
The believer discovers that he or she is not distinct from the cosmos, the deity, or the other reality, but one with all of these, as
part of an interconnected whole.
• Nation of Islam A religious and political organization with the declared aim of "resurrecting" the spiritual, mental, social and
economic condition of the black people of America and the world.
• National Council of the Churches of Christ The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA (usually identified as
National Council of Churches or NCC) is an ecumenical partnership of 37 Christian faith groups in the United States. Its
member denominations, churches, conventions, and archdioceses include Mainline Protestant, Orthodox, African American,
Evangelical, and historic peace churches.
• National Opinion Research Center NORC at the University of Chicago, established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research
Center, is one of the largest and most highly respected social research organizations in the United States.
• numinous experiences Numinous is is an English adjective describing the power or presence of a divinity. The numinous
experience has both a quality of tremendum, which is the tendency to invoke fear and trembling, and a quality of fascinans, the
tendency to attract, fascinate and compel. The numinous experience also has a personal quality to it, in that the person feels to
be in communion with a wholly other. The numinous experience can lead in different cases to belief in deities, the supernatural,
the sacred, the holy, and/or the transcendent.
• Orthodox Christians The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church and commonly referred to as
the Orthodox Church, is the second largest Christian church in the world, with an estimated 300 million adherents mainly in the
countries of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia,
Bulgaria, Greece, and Cyprus, all of which — except Bosnia — are majority Eastern Orthodox. It teaches that it is the One,
Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles almost 2,000 years ago.
• parish An administrative part of a diocese that has its own church; found in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Catholic
Church and certain civil government entities.
• particular church In Catholic canon law, a particular church is an ecclesial community headed by a bishop or someone
equivalent to a bishop.
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• pluralist beliefs Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in
Religion
• profane Not sacred or holy, unconsecrated; relating to non-religious matters, secular.
• profane Not sacred or holy, unconsecrated; relating to non-religious matters, secular.
• proletariat the working class or lower class
• Protestantism Protestantism is one of the major groupings within Christianity. It has been defined as "any of several church
denominations denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the Reformation principles of justification by faith
alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of the Bible as the only source of revealed truth. " More broadly, it means
Christianity outside "of a Catholic or Eastern church. "
• religiosity An index of how strongly religious a person is
• Religious Organization Religious activities generally need some infrastructure to be conducted. For this reason, there generally
exist religion-supporting organizations, which are some form of organization that manage the upkeep of places of worship, e.g.
mosques, prayer rooms, other similar edifices or meeting places, and the payment of salaries to priests, ministers, or religious
leaders. In addition, such organizations usually have other responsibilities, such as: the formation, nomination, or appointment
of religious leaders, the establishment of a corpus of doctrine, the disciplining of priests or other people with respect to religious
law, the determination of qualification for membership, etc.
• religious pluralism The peaceful coexistence of multiple religions in a community.
• ritual Rite; a repeated set of actions
• Roman Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church,
with more than one billion members worldwide.
• sacred Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated;
not profane or common; as, a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service
• sacred Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated;
not profane or common; as, a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service
• sectarian violence Sectarian violence or sectarian strife is violence inspired by sectarianism, that is, between different sects of
one particular mode of ideology or religion within a nation or community.
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Religion
• sectarianism Rigid adherence to a particular sect, party, or denomination.
• self-actualization Self-actualization is a term that has been used in various psychology theories, often in slightly different ways.
The term was originally introduced by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one's full potential.
However, the concept was brought most fully to prominence in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in which "selfactualization" was the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are
fulfilled. In such a case, the "actualization" of full personal potential takes place.
• separation of church and state The separation of church and state is the distance in the relationship between organized religion
and the nation state.
• Sephardi a Jew of Iberian ancestry, whose native language was Ladino
• shaman A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a religious medium between the concrete and spirit worlds.
• social cohesion The bonds or "glue" that maintain stability in society.
• social control any control, either formal or informal, that is exerted by a group, especially by one's peers
• social function Rituals may serve a social function in that they express, fix, and reinforce the shared values and beliefs of a
society.
• spirits The undying essence of a human. The soul.
• state churches State churches are organizational bodies within a Christian denomination which are given official status or
operated by a state.
• state churches State churches are organizational bodies within a Christian denomination which are given official status or
operated by a state.
• status quo the current state of things; the way things are, as opposed to the way they could be; the existing state of affairs.
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Religion
• status quo the current state of things; the way things are, as opposed to the way they could be; the existing state of affairs.
• supernatural Above nature; that which is beyond or added to nature, often so considered because it is given by God or some
force beyond that which humans are born with. In Roman Catholic theology, sanctifying grace is considered to be a
supernatural addition to human nature.
• supernatural Above nature; that which is beyond or added to nature, often so considered because it is given by God or some
force beyond that which humans are born with. In Roman Catholic theology, sanctifying grace is considered to be a
supernatural addition to human nature.
• Supernatural Forces The supernatural is that which is not subject to the laws of nature, or more figuratively, that which is said
to exist above and beyond nature.
• supernatural power The supernatural is that which is not subject to the laws of nature, or more figuratively, that which is said to
exist above and beyond nature.
• supernaturalism A belief in the doctrine of supernatural or divine agency as manifested in the world, in human events, religious
revelation, miracles, etc.
• superstition A belief, not based on human reason or scientific knowledge, that future events may be influenced by one's
behaviour in some magical or mystical way.
• Universalism The theological belief that all souls can attain salvation.
• well-being a state of health, happiness and/or prosperity
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Religion
Ecumenism Symbol
Ecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation.
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Religion
Church-sect continuum
Before describing these different religions, it is important for the reader to understand that these classifications are a good example of what sociologists
refer to as ideal types. Ideal types are pure examples of the categories. Because there is significant variation in each religion, how closely an individual
religion actually adheres to their ideal type classification will vary.
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Religion
Hindu Rituals in a Kashmiri Wedding
The Joyful Rhythms of a Kashmiri Wedding
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Religion
Hindu Symbol
Aum Hindu symbol
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Religion
Sacred and Secular
The secularization thesis refers to the belief that as societies "progress," particularly through modernization and rationalization, religion loses its authority
in all aspects of social life and governance.
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Religion
Catholic Church Gathering for Mass
Congregation Gathering Service for the Virgin Mary
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Religion
Shinto Shrine
Shinto is an animistic religion in Japan.
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Religion
Religious Symbols
Symbols of Various Faiths
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Religion
Holy Ascension Orthodox Church in Mount Pleasant
Different Christian Sects construct their own Churches, which are their places of worship
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Religion
Baltimore Cornerstone
John Carroll, bishop of Baltimore, lays the cornerstone for the Cathedral of the Assumption in Baltimore, the first cathedral in the United States.
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Religion
Methodist Church in Mississippi
Louise United Methodist Church, Louise, Mississippi
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Religion
Religious Diversity
Religious symbols represented in this picture reflect the religious diversity in the United States. Among the symbols one can recognize Islam, Judaism,
Christianity, and Buddhism.
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Religion
Taize Prayer
Ecumenical worship service at the monastery of Taizé
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Religion
Amida Buddha, Phoenix Hall, Byodo-in, Kyoto
Amida Nyorai, by Jōchō, 1053, wood covered with gold leaf. H.295cm. Phoenix Hall, Byōdō-in, Kyoto
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Religion
Woman floating above bed
Supernatural force allows this woman to float.
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Religion
Religion and happiness
The science of positive psychology has identified many components of happiness, and religion seems adapted to satisfy many of them. Some research
suggests that both non-religious and religious meaning systems can be quite effective when it comes to managing death anxiety, and that the latter have
a few additional advantages.
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Religion
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his famous "I Have a Dream" speech
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Religion
Devotees tie red crimson threads on making a wish fulfilled.
The temple dedicated to Mata Chintpurni Devi is located in District Una of Himachal Pradesh.
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Religion
Cult Members
The word cult in current popular usage usually refers to a new religious movement or other group whose beliefs or practices are considered abnormal or
bizarre.
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Religion
Sacred Buddhist Ritual in Nepal
His Holiness Jigdal Dagchen Sakya leading the empowerment into practice at Tharlam Monastery, Boudha, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Religion
Islamic Center
Islamic Center of Washington located at 2551 Massachusetts Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C.
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Religion
Worldwide Muslim Population
As the map shows, certain regions are dominated by widespread beliefs.
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Religion
Religious Buddhist Gathering in Tibetan Monastery
Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism
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Religion
Catholic Religious Experience
Religious experience in Catholicism is accomplished by praying to Catholic religious symbols.
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Religion
Religion as opium of the people
Abolition of Religion as the Illusory Happiness of the People.
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Religion
Hayley Fields at the Beth Israel Torah Dedication Ceremony
Two weeks after Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, volunteers with an Israeli charity rescued seven Torah scrolls from the synagogue.
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Religion
Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism
An apparently happy man wears the 5 Dhyani Buddhas Crown and holds a Flower and Dorje (vajra).
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Religion
Salt Lake Temple, Utah
It is the sixth temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete, and the fourth operating temple built since the Mormon exodus from
Nauvoo, Illinois.
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Religion
Americans and Religion
A recent Pew survey reveals that, although the majority of Americans may consider themselves to be religious, many are in fact unaware of basic tenets
concerning their faith. Byron Pitts reports.
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Religion
Birth of monotheism, modern Judaism and finalizing the Torah
The beginnings of modern religion and the origins of the Hebrew Bible
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Religion
Christian Flag at Covenant Presbyterian Church
The Christian flag displayed with the flag of the USA; note the finials on the flag poles. This is next to the pulpit and baptismal font in Covenant
Presbyterian Church, Long Beach, California, USA;
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Religion
Karl Marx
Religion, Marx held, was a significant hindrance to reason, inherently masking the truth and misguiding followers.
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Religion
A Haredi Jew in New York CIty
The Haredi Jews are the most conservative of Orthodox Jews.
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Religion
Islamic Text
BookTauzeeh ul Masail
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Religion
Praying Hands
Praying is an act of belief in many religious faiths.
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Religion
Choir of an Ecclesia
Catholic Mass
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Religion
Muslim woman in tradition attire
Muslim Culture
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Religion
Religious Symbols
Symbols for Major Religions of the World
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Religion
Assumption Catholic Church
The oldest Catholic Church in St. Paul.
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Religion
Masjid Malcolm Shabazz Mosque
Mosque in New York City.
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Religion
Religion versus GDP per Capita
Wealth and religion
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Religion
Lightmatter Hsi Lai Temple in Los Angeles, California
The Hsi Lai Temple is the largest Buddhist temple in the United States.
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Religion
Which of the following is true about the nature of religion?
A) All religions claim to be universal and binding for everyone across time
and place
B) All religions require a belief in the sacred and spiritual beings
C) All religions focus on the subjective experience of the individual and
faith
D) All religions require a belief in a God or a supernatural deity
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Religion
Which of the following is true about the nature of religion?
A) All religions claim to be universal and binding for everyone across time
and place
B) All religions require a belief in the sacred and spiritual beings
C) All religions focus on the subjective experience of the individual and
faith
D) All religions require a belief in a God or a supernatural deity
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Religion
Which of the following are elements of religion?
A) Spirituality
B) Faith
C) Belief
D) All of the above
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Religion
Which of the following are elements of religion?
A) Spirituality
B) Faith
C) Belief
D) All of the above
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Religion
The idea of a supernatural force that is not bound by the laws of
nature is part of:
A) religion
B) both religion and magic
C) magic
D) none of these answers
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Religion
The idea of a supernatural force that is not bound by the laws of
nature is part of:
A) religion
B) both religion and magic
C) magic
D) none of these answers
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Religion
Animists believe:
A) all of these answers
B) everything shares the same spiritual essence
C) ritual is not important
D) humans are not better or more important than other animals and
essences
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Religion
Animists believe:
A) all of these answers
B) everything shares the same spiritual essence
C) ritual is not important
D) humans are not better or more important than other animals and
essences
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Religion
Which of the following world views generally rejects the possibility
of supernatural events?
A) Polytheism
B) Monotheism
C) Deism
D) None of these answers
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Religion
Which of the following world views generally rejects the possibility
of supernatural events?
A) Polytheism
B) Monotheism
C) Deism
D) None of these answers
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Religion
An example of the cultural approach to the study of religion would
be:
A) Buddhism has no authoritarian God
B) Puritanism flourished in early America perhaps because the living
conditions were harsh
C) Hinduism is an example of Polytheism
D) Most followers of Islam believe that visual depictions of the prophet
Muhammad are idolatry
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Religion
An example of the cultural approach to the study of religion would
be:
A) Buddhism has no authoritarian God
B) Puritanism flourished in early America perhaps because the living
conditions were harsh
C) Hinduism is an example of Polytheism
D) Most followers of Islam believe that visual depictions of the prophet
Muhammad are idolatry
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Religion
The bonds or "glue" that maintain stability in society.
A) happiness
B) self-actualization
C) social cohesion
D) well-being
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Religion
The bonds or "glue" that maintain stability in society.
A) happiness
B) self-actualization
C) social cohesion
D) well-being
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Religion
Any control, either formal or informal, that is exerted by a group,
especially by one's peers
A) status quo
B) political Zionism
C) supernatural
D) social control
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Religion
Any control, either formal or informal, that is exerted by a group,
especially by one's peers
A) status quo
B) political Zionism
C) supernatural
D) social control
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Religion
In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution?
A) Religions have a complex and integrated set of norms.
B) Religious practices and beliefs are related to societal values.
C) Religions often meet several basic needs.
D) All of the answers
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Religion
In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution?
A) Religions have a complex and integrated set of norms.
B) Religious practices and beliefs are related to societal values.
C) Religions often meet several basic needs.
D) All of the answers
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Religion
Which perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion
helps to keep the social system running smoothly?
A) Functional perspective
B) Symbolic interactionist perspective
C) Conflict perspective
D) Feminist perspective
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Religion
Which perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion
helps to keep the social system running smoothly?
A) Functional perspective
B) Symbolic interactionist perspective
C) Conflict perspective
D) Feminist perspective
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Religion
According to the Legatum Prosperity Index, which of the following
is associated with those who don't embrace religion in their lives?
A) Wealth
B) Self-esteem
C) Knowledge
D) Depression
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Religion
According to the Legatum Prosperity Index, which of the following
is associated with those who don't embrace religion in their lives?
A) Wealth
B) Self-esteem
C) Knowledge
D) Depression
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Religion
According to Marx, religious believers are likely to be:
A) active
B) violent
C) peaceful
D) passive
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Religion
According to Marx, religious believers are likely to be:
A) active
B) violent
C) peaceful
D) passive
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Religion
Karl Marx's theory of religion:
A) was a-political
B) was intended to be purely theoretical
C) saw it as an instrument of oppression
D) was anti-proletariat
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Religion
Karl Marx's theory of religion:
A) was a-political
B) was intended to be purely theoretical
C) saw it as an instrument of oppression
D) was anti-proletariat
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Religion
Which of the following do the functionalist and conflict
perspectives share?
A) Emphasis on religion as providing social support
B) The belief that religion helps explain the mysteries of life
C) None of the answers
D) The position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social
norms
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Religion
Which of the following do the functionalist and conflict
perspectives share?
A) Emphasis on religion as providing social support
B) The belief that religion helps explain the mysteries of life
C) None of the answers
D) The position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social
norms
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Religion
Which socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which
religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?
A) Conflict theory
B) Functional
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Feminist perspective
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Religion
Which socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which
religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?
A) Conflict theory
B) Functional
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Feminist perspective
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Religion
Symbols do all of the following in regards to religion EXCEPT:
A) Create a resonant mythos
B) Foster solidarity
C) Bring people closer to an object of worship
D) Distinguish between positive and negative ideas
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Religion
Symbols do all of the following in regards to religion EXCEPT:
A) Create a resonant mythos
B) Foster solidarity
C) Bring people closer to an object of worship
D) Distinguish between positive and negative ideas
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Religion
All of the following are purposes of rituals EXCEPT:
A) Fulfillment of religious obligations
B) Satisfaction of emotional needs
C) To harm or hurt another person
D) Strengthening of social bonds
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Religion
All of the following are purposes of rituals EXCEPT:
A) Fulfillment of religious obligations
B) Satisfaction of emotional needs
C) To harm or hurt another person
D) Strengthening of social bonds
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Religion
People who make no distinction between faith systems are said to
have what type of belief?
A) Exclusivist
B) Inclusivist
C) Pluralist
D) Superstition
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Religion
People who make no distinction between faith systems are said to
have what type of belief?
A) Exclusivist
B) Inclusivist
C) Pluralist
D) Superstition
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Religion
When a person become aware of a sacred dimension of reality,
this is known as _______.
A) Mysterium tremendum
B) Spiritual awakening
C) Mysterium fascinas
D) Shaman
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Religion
When a person become aware of a sacred dimension of reality,
this is known as _______.
A) Mysterium tremendum
B) Spiritual awakening
C) Mysterium fascinas
D) Shaman
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Religion
Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults
include:
A) the Peoples Temple and Heaven's Gate
B) the Branch Davidians and the Manson Family
C) Quakers and Pentecostals
D) Scientology and the Hare Krishna
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Religion
Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults
include:
A) the Peoples Temple and Heaven's Gate
B) the Branch Davidians and the Manson Family
C) Quakers and Pentecostals
D) Scientology and the Hare Krishna
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Religion
A sect:
A) has generally grown so large that it needs new buildings and multiple
leaders
B) often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important
fundamentals.
C) All of the answers
D) is another term for a cult.
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Religion
A sect:
A) has generally grown so large that it needs new buildings and multiple
leaders
B) often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important
fundamentals.
C) All of the answers
D) is another term for a cult.
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Religion
Which of the following claims to be the original Christian Church?
A) all of these answers
B) the Eastern Orthodox Church
C) the Oriental Orthodoxy
D) the Roman Catholic Church
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Religion
Which of the following claims to be the original Christian Church?
A) all of these answers
B) the Eastern Orthodox Church
C) the Oriental Orthodoxy
D) the Roman Catholic Church
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Religion
The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is:
A) ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion.
B) the number of followers or believers is much larger for denominations.
C) the geographical location varies for ecclesia versus denominations.
D) there are no important differences; the terms are interchangeable.
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Religion
The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is:
A) ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion.
B) the number of followers or believers is much larger for denominations.
C) the geographical location varies for ecclesia versus denominations.
D) there are no important differences; the terms are interchangeable.
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Religion
Which of the following is a reason why denominations may form
within religions?
A) all of these answers
B) geographical separation
C) a schism within an existing group
D) the sharing of an experience of spiritual awakening
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Religion
Which of the following is a reason why denominations may form
within religions?
A) all of these answers
B) geographical separation
C) a schism within an existing group
D) the sharing of an experience of spiritual awakening
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Religion
Ecumenism refers to
A) initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation.
B) the lack of formal alliance with an established denomination.
C) the division of one religion into separate groups, sects, or schools of
thought.
D) cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of
different religions.
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Religion
Ecumenism refers to
A) initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation.
B) the lack of formal alliance with an established denomination.
C) the division of one religion into separate groups, sects, or schools of
thought.
D) cooperative, constructive, and positive interaction between people of
different religions.
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Religion
Which of the following terms has been used to describe the
relation between politics and religion?
A) Religious diversity
B) Social tolerance
C) Civil religion
D) Free religious affiliation
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Religion
Which of the following terms has been used to describe the
relation between politics and religion?
A) Religious diversity
B) Social tolerance
C) Civil religion
D) Free religious affiliation
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Religion
Which of the following is true about religious diversity in the
United States?
A) The U.S. Census asks about religious affiliation to compute the
number of religions in the nation
B) The largest religious denomination in the United States is Catholicism
followed by Protestantism
C) Muslims in the United States have a harder time assimilating than
Muslims in continental Europe
D) American Jews are identified based on their religious affiliation, not
their cultural ethnicity
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Religion
Which of the following is true about religious diversity in the
United States?
A) The U.S. Census asks about religious affiliation to compute the
number of religions in the nation
B) The largest religious denomination in the United States is Catholicism
followed by Protestantism
C) Muslims in the United States have a harder time assimilating than
Muslims in continental Europe
D) American Jews are identified based on their religious affiliation, not
their cultural ethnicity
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Religion
Which of the following is the largest individual denomination in the
United States?
A) Evangelicalism
B) Mainline Protestantism
C) Islam
D) Roman Catholicism
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Religion
Which of the following is the largest individual denomination in the
United States?
A) Evangelicalism
B) Mainline Protestantism
C) Islam
D) Roman Catholicism
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Religion
Which of the following groups of Christians are most likely to
oppose calls for unity by the ecumenical movement?
A) Eastern Orthodox Christians
B) Oriental Orthodox Christians
C) Roman Catholics
D) Members of the Anglican Church
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Religion
Which of the following groups of Christians are most likely to
oppose calls for unity by the ecumenical movement?
A) Eastern Orthodox Christians
B) Oriental Orthodox Christians
C) Roman Catholics
D) Members of the Anglican Church
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Religion
Protestants account for half of all Christians in the United States.
Where did most came from who arrived to the United States?
A) Southern Europe
B) Central Europe
C) Eastern Europe
D) Northern Europe
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Religion
Protestants account for half of all Christians in the United States.
Where did most came from who arrived to the United States?
A) Southern Europe
B) Central Europe
C) Eastern Europe
D) Northern Europe
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Religion
Which of the following eras played the most significant role in the
secularization of Western societies?
A) The Industrial Revolution
B) The Enlightenment
C) The Cold War
D) The Renaissance
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Religion
Which of the following eras played the most significant role in the
secularization of Western societies?
A) The Industrial Revolution
B) The Enlightenment
C) The Cold War
D) The Renaissance
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Religion
Quakers, Anglicans, and Congregationalists opposed:
A) The Second Great Awakening
B) The Federal Council of Churches
C) The Great Awakening
D) The National Council of the Churches of Christ
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Religion
Quakers, Anglicans, and Congregationalists opposed:
A) The Second Great Awakening
B) The Federal Council of Churches
C) The Great Awakening
D) The National Council of the Churches of Christ
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Religion
What are some denominations of the Christian Protestant church?
A) Catholic and Jewish
B) Jehovah's Witnesses and Presbyterians
C) Scientology and Hare Krishna
D) Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist
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Religion
What are some denominations of the Christian Protestant church?
A) Catholic and Jewish
B) Jehovah's Witnesses and Presbyterians
C) Scientology and Hare Krishna
D) Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist
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Religion
Prejudice against American Catholics was largely relieved by:
A) an increase in immigrants from Mexico
B) the founding of the nativist Know Nothing party
C) an influx of Catholics between 1860 and 1890
D) the presidency of John F. Kennedy
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Religion
Prejudice against American Catholics was largely relieved by:
A) an increase in immigrants from Mexico
B) the founding of the nativist Know Nothing party
C) an influx of Catholics between 1860 and 1890
D) the presidency of John F. Kennedy
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Religion
The contemporary American Jewish population is mostly:
A) Ashkenazi
B) Sephardic
C) athiest
D) merchants and shop owners
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Religion
The contemporary American Jewish population is mostly:
A) Ashkenazi
B) Sephardic
C) athiest
D) merchants and shop owners
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Religion
Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are:
A) referred to as the Apocrypha.
B) oral traditions only because Judaism has no sacred text.
C) no longer part of the Torah.
D) shared by Christianity and Islam.
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Religion
Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are:
A) referred to as the Apocrypha.
B) oral traditions only because Judaism has no sacred text.
C) no longer part of the Torah.
D) shared by Christianity and Islam.
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Religion
After 9/11:
A) more immigrants who identify as Muslims arrived to the United States
B) a new mosque was built at the site of the first Muslim mosque and
cemetery in Ross, North Dakota
C) 1/4 of the religious discrimination claims regarding employment were
filed by Muslims
D) all of these answers:
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Religion
After 9/11:
A) more immigrants who identify as Muslims arrived to the United States
B) a new mosque was built at the site of the first Muslim mosque and
cemetery in Ross, North Dakota
C) 1/4 of the religious discrimination claims regarding employment were
filed by Muslims
D) all of these answers:
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Religion
What do Christianity and Islam have in common?
A) Both believe in a single supreme God.
B) All of the answers
C) Both share many of the same stories in their central religious texts.
D) Both believe in an afterlife.
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Religion
What do Christianity and Islam have in common?
A) Both believe in a single supreme God.
B) All of the answers
C) Both share many of the same stories in their central religious texts.
D) Both believe in an afterlife.
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Religion
A nation is frought with high rates of homicide, STDs, teen
pregnancies, and abortions. This nation is most likely:
A) highly religious
B) athiest
C) European
D) Episcopalian
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Religion
A nation is frought with high rates of homicide, STDs, teen
pregnancies, and abortions. This nation is most likely:
A) highly religious
B) athiest
C) European
D) Episcopalian
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Religion
What makes American unique among developed nations when it
comes to the role of religion in people's lives?
A) the number of people who consider themselves Catholic
B) The number of people who say that religion plays a very important role
in their lives
C) the number of people with church memberships
D) the number of people who place money and career before religion in
their lives
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Religion
What makes American unique among developed nations when it
comes to the role of religion in people's lives?
A) the number of people who consider themselves Catholic
B) The number of people who say that religion plays a very important role
in their lives
C) the number of people with church memberships
D) the number of people who place money and career before religion in
their lives
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Religion
Attribution
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Religion." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wiktionary. "First Amendment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/First+Amendment
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Religion
• Wiktionary. "parish." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parish
• Wikipedia. "Catholicism in America." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism_in_America
• Wikipedia. "Religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Religion#Introduction
• Wiktionary. "hierarchy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hierarchy
• Wiktionary. "belief system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/belief+system
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• Wikipedia. "Religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion
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• Wikipedia. "self-actualization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/self-actualization
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Religion
• Wikipedia. "Cult." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult
• Wikipedia. "Mind control." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_control
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• Wikipedia. "Polytheism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism
• Wiktionary. "deity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deity
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• Wiktionary. "Judaism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Judaism
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Religion
• Wiktionary. "Protestantism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Protestantism
• Wikipedia. "American Islam." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Islam
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• Wikipedia. "Sectarianism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism
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Religion
• Wikipedia. "Sect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect
• Wiktionary. "cult." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cult
• Wiktionary. "sectarianism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sectarianism
• Wikipedia. "sectarian violence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sectarian%20violence
• Wiktionary. "denominationalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denominationalism
• Wiktionary. "ecumenism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecumenism
• Wikipedia. "interfaith dialogue." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interfaith%20dialogue
• Wikipedia. "Ecumenism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism
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• Wikipedia. "Religious denomination." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination
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• Wikipedia. "Non-denominational." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational
• Wikipedia. "state churches." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/state%20churches
• Wikipedia. "Invisible Church." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible%20Church
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• Wikipedia. "Church (building)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)
• Wikipedia. "Church." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church
• Wiktionary. "assembly." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assembly
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Religion
• Wikipedia. "interfaith dialogue." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interfaith%20dialogue
• Wikipedia. "Orthodox Christians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox%20Christians
• Wikipedia. "Ecumenism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism
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• Wikipedia. "Ecclesial Community." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesial_Community
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Religion#The_Future_of_Religion
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• Wikipedia. "Separation of church and state." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state
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Religion
• Wiktionary. "sacred." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacred
• Wiktionary. "profane." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/profane
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• Wikipedia. "Soul (spirit)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(spirit)
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Religion
• Wikipedia. "Shamanism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism
• Wiktionary. "shaman." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shaman
• Wiktionary. "animism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animism
• Wiktionary. "spirits." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spirits
• Wiktionary. "mosque." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mosque
• Wiktionary. "Muslim." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Muslim
• Wiktionary. "Nation of Islam." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nation+of+Islam
• Wikipedia. "Islam in America." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_America
• Wikipedia. "Judaism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism
• Wiktionary. "agnostic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agnostic
• Wiktionary. "Sephardi." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sephardi
• Wikipedia. "Judaism in the United States." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_States
• Wikipedia. "Wealth and religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_and_religion
• Wikipedia. "National Opinion Research Center." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Opinion%20Research%20Center
• Wikipedia. "Sociology of religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion#Research
• Wikipedia. "Happiness and religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_and_religion
• Wikipedia. "Religious experience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience
• Wikipedia. "Mysticism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism
• Wiktionary. "ecstasy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecstasy
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Religion
• Wikipedia. "numinous experiences." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/numinous%20experiences
• Wikipedia. "mystical experience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mystical%20experience
• Wikipedia. "National Council of the Churches of Christ." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Council%20of%20the%20Churches%20of%20Christ
• Wikipedia. "Civil Rights Movement." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Rights%20Movement
• Wikipedia. "History of Protestantism in the United States." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Protestantism_in_the_United_States
• Wikipedia. "Religion in United States." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_United_States#Main_religious_preferences_of_Americans
• Wiktionary. "agnosticism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agnosticism
• Wiktionary. "denomination." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denomination
• Wikipedia. "Religious pluralism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism#Inter-religious_pluralism
• Wiktionary. "religious pluralism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/religious+pluralism
• Wikipedia. "interfaith dialogue." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interfaith%20dialogue
• Wikipedia. "freedom of religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freedom%20of%20religion
• Wikipedia. "Religion in the united states." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_united_states
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