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Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: [email protected] Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Culture and Society • Culture and Biology • Culture and Society • Cultural Universals • Culture Shock • Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism • Material Culture • Nonmaterial Culture Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Culture and Biology • Culture is the shared values, norms, symbols, language, objects, and way of life that is passed on from one generation to the next. • Values are defined standards of what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable for ourselves and others. • In addition to culture, humans have biological needs, which include innate urges like hunger that, if left unattended, can result in death. • Because of our biology and genetics, we have a particular form and we have certain abilities. These set essential limits on the variety of activities that humans can express culture, but there is still enormous diversity in this expression. • Culture refers to the way we understand ourselves as individuals and as members of society, including stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself. • Social Darwinism was the belief that the closer a cultural group was to the normative Western European standards of behavior and appearance, the more evolved they were. • Culture is the non-biological or social aspects of human life. • Culture refers to the way we understand ourselves as individuals and as members of society, including stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself. • Social Darwinism hinged on the belief that the closer cultural groups were to the normative Western European standards of behavior and appearance, the more evolved they were. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/culture-and-biology182-8110 Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Culture and Society • Different societies have different cultures; a culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group, while society represents the people who share those beliefs and practices. • Material culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people (such as automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people worship). Nonmaterial culture, in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. • In 18th and 19th century Europe, the term "culture" was equated with civilization and considered a unique aspect of Western society. Remnants of that colonial definition of culture can be seen today in the idea of "high culture". Aboriginal culture View on Boundless.com • During the Romantic Era, culture became equated with nationalism and gave rise to the idea of multiple national cultures. • Today, social scientists understand culture as a society's norms, values, and beliefs, as well as its objects and symbols -- and the meaning given to those objects and symbols. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/culture-and-society-1831316 Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Cultural Universals • Cultural universals are elements common to all human cultures, regardless of historical moment, geography, or cultural origin. • There is a tension in cultural anthropology and cultural sociology between the claim that culture is a universal and that it is also particular.The idea of cultural universals runs contrary in some ways to cultural relativism which was, in part, a response to Western ethnocentrism. • Ethnocentrism may take obvious forms.For example, the belief that one people's culture is the most beautiful and true.Franz Boas understood "culture" to include not only certain tastes in food, art, and music, or beliefs about religion but instead assumed a much broader notion of culture. First-Cousin Marriage Laws in the U.S. View on Boundless.com • Among the cultural universals listed by Donald Brown (1991) are figurative speech, binary cognitive distinctions, color terms, tabooed utterances, kin groups, gender roles, rites of passage, incest prevention or avoidance, and tool making, among others. • Among the cultural universals listed by Brown, some were investigated by Franz Boas. For example, Boas saw language as a means of categorizing experiences. Thus, although people may perceive visible radiation similarly, people who speak different languages slice up the continuum in different ways. • Since Franz Boas, two debates have dominated cultural anthropology. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/cultural-universals-1845913 Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Culture Shock • Culture shock is the disoriented feeling that occurs in the context of being in a new culture. • Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and mastery. • During the honeymoon phase, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light. • After some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. This is the mark of the negotiation phase. • In the adjustment phase, one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. • Lastly, in the mastery stage, assignees are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Culture Shock View on Boundless.com • In the Adjustment phase, one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. • One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. • Lastly, in the Mastery stage, assignees are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/culture-shock-185-4769 Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism • Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. • Within this ideology, individuals will judge other groups in relation to their own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. • Cultural relativism is the belief that the concepts and values of a culture cannot be fully translated into, or fully understood in, other languages; that a specific cultural artifact (e.g., a ritual) has to be understood in terms of the larger symbolic system of which it is a part. Cultural context View on Boundless.com • Cultural relativism is the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are dependent on their cultural context, and should be treated as such. • Cultural relativism is the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are dependent on their cultural context, and should be treated as such. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/ethnocentrism-andcultural-relativism-186-4770 Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Material Culture • Studying a culture's relationship to materiality is a lens through which social and cultural attitudes can be discussed.People's relationship to and perception of objects are socially and culturally dependent. • A view of culture as a symbolic system with adaptive functions, varying from place to place, led anthropologists to conceive of different cultures as having distinct patterns of enduring conventional sets of meaning. • Anthropologists distinguish between material culture and symbolic culture, not only because each reflects different kinds of human activity, but also because they constitute different kinds of data and require different methodologies to study. Clothes as Material Culture View on Boundless.com • This view of culture, which came to dominate anthropology between World War I and World War II, implied that each culture was bounded and had to be understood as a whole, on its own terms. • The result is a belief in cultural relativism, which suggests that there are no 'better' or 'worse' cultures, just different cultures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/material-culture-1871321 Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society Nonmaterial Culture • In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include physical objects or artifacts. • It includes things that have no existence in the physical world but exist entirely in the symbolic realm. • Examples are concepts such as good and evil, mythical inventions such as gods and underworlds, and social constructs such as promises and football games. • The concept of symbolic culture draws from semiotics and emphasizes the way in which distinctively human culture is mediated through signs and concepts. • The symbolic aspect of distinctively human culture has been emphasized in anthropology by Emile Durkheim, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Clifford Geertz, and many View on Boundless.com others. • Semiotics emphasises the way in which distinctively human culture is mediated through signs and concepts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-and-socialization-3/culture-and-society-29/nonmaterial-culture188-8625 Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization Key terms • biculturalism The state or quality of being bicultural. • civilization An organized culture encompassing many communities, often on the scale of a nation or a people; a stage or system of social, political or technical development. • cultural relativism Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the twentieth century, and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes." • culture The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life. • culture The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life. • ethnocentrism The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture. • high culture The artistic entertainment and material artifacts associated with a society's aristocracy or most learned members, usually requiring significant education to be appreciated or highly skilled labor to be produced. • material culture In the social sciences, material culture is a term, developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. • nationalism The idea of supporting one's country and culture; patriotism. • particular A specific case; an individual thing as opposed to a whole class. • popular culture The prevailing vernacular culture in any given society, including art, cooking, clothing, entertainment, films, mass media, music, sports, and style • social construct Social constructs are generally understood to be the by-products of countless human choices rather than laws resulting from divine will or nature. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization • Social Darwinism a theory that the laws of evolution by natural selection also apply to social structures. • Symbolic culture Symbolic culture is a concept used by archaeologists, social anthropologists and sociologists to designate the cultural realm constructed and inhabited uniquely by Homo sapiens. • universal Common to all society; worldwide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization High culture Ballet is traditionally considered a form of "high culture". Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Jeziorolabedzie." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jeziorolabedzie.JPG View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Aboriginal culture Early colonial definitions of culture equated culture and civilization and characterized aboriginal people as uncivilized and uncultured. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Kaawirn kuunawarn." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaawirn_kuunawarn.jpeg View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Periodicals as Material Culture Media, such as magazines, are part of material culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Japanese_magazines.jpg View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Computers as Material Culture Computers are an increasingly common part of everyday life for most people.They constitute an increasingly significant part of our material culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Laptop." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laptop.jpg View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Clothes as Material Culture Fashion is part of material culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/1988_kimono_pan.jpg View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Culture Shock Enthusiastic welcome offered to the first Indian student to arrive in Dresden, East Germany (1951). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Culture shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_shock View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Cultural context Depending on your cultural background, this may or may not look delicious. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Chicago hot dog." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_hot_dog.jpg View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization First-Cousin Marriage Laws in the U.S. In states marked dark blue, first-cousin marriage is legal.Light blue signifies that it is legal but has restrictions or exceptions.Pink signifies that it is banned with exceptions; red signifies that it is banned via statute, and dark red signifies that it is a criminal offense. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Cousin marriage map1." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cousin_marriage_map1.svg View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization Guildford Cathedral relief (UK) People began domesticating cattle many years before they developed the genes for lactose tolerance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Guildford-Milking." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guildford-Milking.JPG View on Boundless.com Culture and Socialization The idea the closer a culture was to Western or European culture, the more evolved it was is known as what? A) Anthropomorphism B) Social Darwinism C) Atavism D) Hedonism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization The idea the the closer a culture was to Western or European culture, the more evolved it was is known as what? A) Anthropomorphism B) Social Darwinism C) Atavism D) Hedonism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization All of the following are examples of high culture EXCEPT which one? A) Mechanical hobbies B) Museum-caliber art C) Classical music D) Haute cuisine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization All of the following are examples of high culture EXCEPT which one? A) Mechanical hobbies B) Museum-caliber art C) Classical music D) Haute cuisine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization The terms _____ and _____ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. A) imperialism and relativism B) society and ethnocentrism C) culture and society D) ethnocentrism and xenocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization The terms _____ and _____ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. A) imperialism and relativism B) society and ethnocentrism C) culture and society D) ethnocentrism and xenocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/ Culture and Socialization An example of high culture is _____, whereas an example of popular culture would be _____. A) Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners B) medical marijuana; film noir C) country music; pop music D) political theory; sociological theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization An example of high culture is _____, whereas an example of popular culture would be _____. A) Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners B) medical marijuana; film noir C) country music; pop music D) political theory; sociological theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/ Culture and Socialization Cultural universals are contrary to which popular sociological belief? A) Ethnocentrism B) Cultural relativism C) Symbolic codes D) Values Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization Cultural universals are contrary to which popular sociological belief? A) Ethnocentrism B) Cultural relativism C) Symbolic codes D) Values Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: A) universalism B) relativism C) ethnocentrism D) xenocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: A) universalism B) relativism C) ethnocentrism D) xenocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/ Culture and Socialization A cultural universal is something that: A) addresses all aspects of a group's behavior. B) is based on social norms. C) may or may not be of value in meeting social needs. D) is found in all cultures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization A cultural universal is something that: A) addresses all aspects of a group's behavior. B) is based on social norms. C) may or may not be of value in meeting social needs. D) is found in all cultures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/ Culture and Socialization The phase of culture shock when people experience less anxiety but are still learning ways to interact in the new culture is known as what? A) Negotiation B) Honeymoon C) Mastery D) Adjustment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization The phase of culture shock when people experience less anxiety but are still learning ways to interact in the new culture is known as what? A) Negotiation B) Honeymoon C) Mastery D) Adjustment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: A) culture shock B) imperialism C) ethnocentrism D) xenocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: A) culture shock B) imperialism C) ethnocentrism D) xenocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/ Culture and Socialization Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? A) Eating the ethnic food of another culture B) Believing a person's form of worship is strange C) Reading books on the culture of a foreign exchange student D) Asking questions during a multicultural diversity class Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? A) Eating the ethnic food of another culture B) Believing a person's form of worship is strange C) Reading books on the culture of a foreign exchange student D) Asking questions during a multicultural diversity class Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization The concept that there are no better or worse, just different cultures, is known as ____________. A) Anthropology B) Symbolic culture C) Material history D) Cultural relativism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization The concept that there are no better or worse, just different cultures, is known as ____________. A) Anthropology B) Symbolic culture C) Material history D) Cultural relativism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization Non-material culture includes all of the following EXCEPT: A) Norms B) Values C) Beliefs D) Objects Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization Non-material culture includes all of the following EXCEPT: A) Norms B) Values C) Beliefs D) Objects Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Culture and Socialization The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? A) Nonmaterial culture B) Symbols C) Language D) Material culture Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? A) Nonmaterial culture B) Symbols C) Language D) Material culture Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/ Culture and Socialization Attribution • Wiktionary. "nationalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nationalism • Wiktionary. "high culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/high+culture • Wiktionary. "popular culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/popular+culture • Wiktionary. "civilization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/civilization • Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture • OpenStax College. "Introduction to Sociology." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/OpenStax%20Sociology.pdf • Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#The_Origins_of_Culture • Wikipedia. "Symbolic culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20culture • Wikipedia. "material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/material%20culture • Wikipedia. "Material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture • Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html • Wikipedia. "Culture shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_shock • Wiktionary. "biculturalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biculturalism • Wikipedia. "cultural relativism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cultural%20relativism • Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#Ethnocentrism_.26_Cultural_Relativism • Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html • Wiktionary. "ethnocentrism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnocentrism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Culture and Socialization • Wikipedia. "Sociology of culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culture • Wikipedia. "Cultural relativism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativism • Wikipedia. "Cultural universal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_universal • Wiktionary. "particular." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/particular • Wiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture • Wiktionary. "universal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/universal • Wikipedia. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture#1899.E2.80.931946:_Universal_versus_particular • Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html • Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#The_Origins_of_Culture • Wiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture • Wikipedia. "Social Darwinism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Darwinism • Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture • Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html • Wikipedia. "Values." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values#Cultural_values • Wikipedia. "Norm (social)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(social) • Wikipedia. "social construct." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20construct • Wikipedia. "Material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture • Wikipedia. "Non-material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-material_culture • Wikipedia. "Symbolic culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_culture Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com