Transcript Georgia High School Graduation Test

BIOLOGY EOCT
REVIEW
Eukaryotic cells
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF
CELLS?
•true nucleus and organelles
•plants, animals, protists, and
fungi are eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells
•lack a nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles
•bacteria
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF
• Cell membrane -passage of materials
CELLS?
into and out of the cell
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Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA
Nucleolus – produces ribosomes
Mitochondria- cell energy
Ribosome- protein synthesis
Vacuole- cell storage
Lysosome- cell digestion
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS?
(CONTINUED)
• Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical
synthesis
• Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for
secretion
• Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall
• Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis
• Centrioles (animals only) - cell division
• Cilia – short hair like structures
• Flagella – long whip like tails
THE CELL - ANIMAL
THE CELL - PLANT
WHAT IS THE CELL
• All organisms are made up of one or moreTHEORY?
cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
• All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.
• Cell
HOW ARE CELLS
ORGANIZED?
• Tissue – functioning group of cells
• Organ – functioning group of
tissues
• Organ System – functioning
group of organs
• Organism – functioning group of
organ systems
WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
• Homeostasis
• Steady State
• Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your
internal environment
HOW DO CELLS
• Diffusion- movement
of materials form a
higher concentration
TRANSPORT
MATERIALS?
to a lower concentration
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
• Isotonic
• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane
HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT
MATERIALS?
• Passive transport is the
movement of materials without
energy
• Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion
• Active Transport requires energy
• Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis
WHAT ARE THE CHEMICALS OF
LIFE?
Elements
Carbohydrates C,H,O
C,H,O,N,S
C,H,O,N,P
Nucleotides
C,H,O
Ex-butter, oil
Proteins
Ex-meat, cheese
Nucleic Acids
Ex-DNA,RNA
Uses
MonoEnergy
saccharides
Fatty Acids Energy
& glycerol
Amino Acids Structure,
Ex-sugar,starch
Lipids
Building Blocks
growth &
repair
Genetic
Information
WHAT IS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
• 6 CO2 + 6H2O 
C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Occurs in chloroplasts
• Two parts:
• Light reaction
• Calvin cycle (dark
reaction)
WHERE DOES A CELL GET
ENERGY?
• Cellular
respiration,
glucose is broken
down to a form the
cell can use.
• Energy is stored in
an ATP molecule
(adenosine
triphosphate) .
WHAT IS RESPIRATION?
• The process of breaking down
food molecules to release energy
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Two types:
• Aerobic – requires oxygen
• Anaerobic – occurs without
oxygen
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Inseparable
cycles
PHOTOSYNTHESIS &
RESPIRATION
HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?
The Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
PMAT
Cytokinesis
Somatic Cells
HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?
Reproductive
Cells
ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Asexual
• Diploid cells produced by
mitosis, binary fission
• Identical copy produced
Sexual
•Gametes, haploid cells,
produced by meiosis
•Gametes combine during
fertilization to produce
diploid cell
•First diploid cell known as a
zygote
•Zygote grows into an embryo
through mitosis
•Infinite possibilities
WHAT IS DNA?
• DNA - blueprint for life
• Double helix
• Nucleotides are the building blocks
• Contains a deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate group, and
• 4 bases:
• Adenine - Thymine
• Cytosine – Guanine
• Copies itself by Replication
DNA
HOW ARE DNA & RNA
DIFFERENT?
• Deoxyribose
• Thymine
• Double
stranded
• Found only in
nucleus
RNA
• Ribose
• Uracil
• Single stranded
HOW DOES DNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
• Transcription
• mRNA copies the
message from DNA
in the nucleus
• Translation
• Forms a protein by
translating the
message on RNA
into an amino acid
sequence
CONTROL
HEREDITY
AND
GENETICS
•A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s
color may be red of white (trait).
•An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.
•Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.
•Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.
•A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A
dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype
•A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a
heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is
expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).
•PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.
•GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.
HEREDITY AND GENETICS
• A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen
when a male and a female reproduce.
MENDEL’S LAWS
• Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are
dominant over the others
• Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired
alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on
form of the allele
• Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles
segregates independently during the formation of the egg or
sperm
HOW DO MUTATIONS OCCUR?
• Gene mutations – affect individual genes
• Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different
amino acid
• Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different
amino acid chain
• Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosome
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Duplication – extra chromosome
Deletion – missing chromosome
Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards
Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to
another pair
DNA IN FORENSICS, MEDICINE,
AND AGRICULTURE
• Forensics - DNA sequence
of every person is unique
and can be used for
identification
• Medicine-Diagnosis of
genetic diseases and the
development of cures and
gene therapy
• Agriculture-Using genetic
technology, plants are
mutated to improve disease
resistance and crop output
EVOLUTION – DARWIN’S
THEORY
• Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting
to their
environment also known as survival of the fittest
• Evidence
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Fossil record
Antibiotic resistance
Adaptations
Vestigial organs
Homologous structures
Embryonic development
Genetic makeup
•Taxonomy – classification of
organisms based on structure,
behavior, development,
genetic make-up
•Evolutionary theory is the basis
for taxonomy
•Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
•Aristotle first classified plants
and animals
•Carolus Linnaeus developed
basis of system used today
TAXONOMY
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SIX
KINGDOMS
• Eubacteria – the earliest
• Archaebacteria – closest to
eukaryotes
• Protista – most diverse, all other
eukaryotes evolved from
protista
• Fungi – decomposers
• Plantae – producers
• Animalia – Invertebrates &
Vertebrates
THE SIX KINGDOMS
ECOLOGY
Individual
Population
Ecosystem
WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION OF
Population – group of aECOLOGY?
single species living in the
same place
Communities - group of
interacting populations
Ecosystem – the community
and its environment
Biome – group of
ecosystems with the same
communities
Biosphere – the circle of life
WHAT DETERMINES A
TERRESTRIAL
BIOME?
• Climate – temperature
and rainfall
• 6 major biomes
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Tundra
Coniferous Forest
Deciduous Forest
Grasslands
Desert
Tropical Rainforest
WHAT DETERMINES AN AQUATIC
BIOME?
• Amount of light, oxygen and
salinity
• Lakes
• Ponds
• Wetlands
• Marshes
• Swamps
• Estuaries
• Coral Reefs
• Deep Ocean
HOW DOES MATTER &
ENERGY FLOW IN AN
ECOSYSTEM?
• Food Chains – one
path of energy
flow
• Food Webs –
complex model
that expresses all
the possible
feeding
relationships in a
community
• Food
• Space
• Water
• Air
• Shelter
WHAT DOES AN ORGANISM
NEED TO SURVIVE?
WHAT ARE THE TROPHIC
LEVELS?
PYRAMID OF ENERGY, NUMBERS, OR
BIOMASS
Saprovores
Saprovores
or Carnivores
Carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
or omnivores
Herbivores
WHAT ARE THE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
•Predation + - Predator kills the
ORGANISMS?
prey for food
•Competition - - both compete for
same resources
•Parasitism + - parasite lives in or
on host
•Mutualism + + symbiotic
relationship in which both benefits
•Commensalism + 0 symbiotic
relationship in which one benefits
and the other is not harmed