Transcript Georgia High School Graduation Test

Eukaryotic cells
• true nucleus and organelles
• plants, animals, protists, and
fungi are eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells
• lack a nucleus and membrane
bound organelles
• bacteria
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Cell membrane -passage of
materials into and out of the
cell
Nucleus - controls cell
functions; DNA
Nucleolus – produces
ribosomes
Mitochondria- cell energy
Ribosome- protein synthesis
Vacuole- cell storage
Lysosome- cell digestion
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Endoplasmic reticulumchemical synthesis
Golgi apparatus- packages
proteins for secretion
Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer
wall
Chloroplasts (plants only)photosynthesis
Centrioles (animals only) - cell
division
Cilia – short hair like structures
Flagella – long whip like tails
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All organisms are made up of one or more
cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization of
all organisms.
All cells come from other cells all ready in
existence.
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Cell
Tissue – functioning
group of cells
Organ – functioning
group of tissues
Organ System –
functioning group of
organs
Organism –
functioning group of
organ systems
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Homeostasis
 Steady State
 Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain
your internal environment
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Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher
concentration to a lower concentration
 Hypertonic
 Hypotonic
 Isotonic
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Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane
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Passive transport is the
movement of materials
without energy
 Diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion
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Active Transport
requires energy
 Pumps, exocytosis,
endocytosis
Elements
Carbohydrates C,H,O
C,H,O,N,S
C,H,O,N,P
Nucleotides
C,H,O
Ex-butter, oil
Proteins
Ex-meat, cheese
Nucleic Acids
Ex-DNA,RNA
Uses
MonoEnergy
saccharides
Fatty Acids Energy
& glycerol
Amino Acids Structure,
Ex-sugar,starch
Lipids
Building Blocks
growth &
repair
Genetic
Information
 6 CO2 + 6H2O
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C6H12O6 + 6O2
Occurs in chloroplasts
 Two parts:
 Light reaction
 Calvin cycle (dark
reaction)
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Cellular
respiration,
glucose is broken
down to a form
the cell can use.
 Energy is stored in
an ATP molecule
(adenosine
triphosphate) .
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The process of breaking down food
molecules to release energy
 Occurs in the mitochondria
 Two types:
 Aerobic – requires oxygen
 Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen
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 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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Inseparable
cycles
The Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
PMAT
Cytokinesis
Somatic Cells
Reproductive
Cells
ASEXUAL
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Diploid cells produced by
mitosis, binary fission
Identical copy produced
SEXUAL
Gametes, haploid cells,
produced by meiosis
 Gametes combine during
fertilization to produce
diploid cell
 First diploid cell known as a
zygote
 Zygote grows into an
embryo through mitosis
 Infinite possibilities
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DNA - blueprint for life
Double helix
Nucleotides are the building
blocks
Contains a deoxyribose
sugar, phosphate group, and
4 bases:
 Adenine - Thymine
 Cytosine – Guanine
Copies itself by Replication
DNA
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Deoxyribose
Thymine
Double stranded
Found only in
nucleus
RNA
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Ribose
Uracil
Single stranded
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Transcription
 mRNA copies the
message from DNA in
the nucleus
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Translation
 Forms a protein by
translating the
message on RNA into
an amino acid
sequence
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A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s
color may be red of white (trait).
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An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.
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Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.
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Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.
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A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A
dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype
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A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a
heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is
expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).
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PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.
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GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.
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A Punnett square is used to predict what will
happen when a male and a female reproduce.
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Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene
or trait are dominant over the others
Principle of Segregation – when forming sex
cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg
or sperm carries only on form of the allele
Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair
of alleles segregates independently during the
formation of the egg or sperm
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Gene mutations – affect individual genes
 Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different amino
acid
 Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different amino
acid chain
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Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosome
 Duplication – extra chromosome
 Deletion – missing chromosome
 Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards
 Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to another pair
Forensics - DNA sequence of
every person is unique and
can be used for
identification
 Medicine-Diagnosis of
genetic diseases and the
development of cures and
gene therapy
 Agriculture-Using genetic
technology, plants are
mutated to improve disease
resistance and crop output
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Natural selection - how species evolve by
adapting to their environment also known as
survival of the fittest
Evidence
 Fossil record
 Antibiotic resistance
 Adaptations
 Vestigial organs
 Homologous structures
 Embryonic development
 Genetic makeup
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Taxonomy – classification of
organisms based on structure,
behavior, development, genetic
make-up
Evolutionary theory is the basis
for taxonomy
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
Aristotle first classified plants
and animals
Carolus Linnaeus developed
basis of system used today
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Eubacteria – the earliest
Archaebacteria –
closest to eukaryotes
Protista – most diverse,
all other eukaryotes
evolved from protista
Fungi – decomposers
Plantae – producers
Animalia –
Invertebrates &
Vertebrates
Individual
Population
Ecosystem
Population – group of a single
species living in the same
place
Communities - group of
interacting populations
Ecosystem – the community
and its environment
Biome – group of ecosystems
with the same communities
Biosphere – the circle of life
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Climate – temperature and rainfall
6 major biomes
 Tundra
 Coniferous Forest
 Deciduous Forest
 Grasslands
 Desert
 Tropical Rainforest
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Amount of light, oxygen
and salinity
 Lakes
 Ponds
 Wetlands
▪ Marshes
▪ Swamps
▪ Estuaries
 Coral Reefs
 Deep Ocean
Food Chains – one
path of energy flow
 Food Webs –
complex model that
expresses all the
possible feeding
relationships in a
community
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Food
Space
Water
Air
Shelter
Saprovores
Saprovores
or Carnivores
Carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
or omnivores
Herbivores
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Predation + - Predator kills the
prey for food
Competition - - both compete for
same resources
Parasitism + - parasite lives in or
on host
Mutualism + + symbiotic
relationship in which both benefits
Commensalism + 0 symbiotic
relationship in which one benefits
and the other is not harmed