Transcript The Future of Genetics Research - Blyth-Biology11

The Future of Genetics Research
Lesson 7
Human Genome Project
• 13 year project to sequence human
genome and other species (fruit fly, mice
yeast, nematodes, E. coli etc…)
Time line
• Pg 260-261 text
Human Genome
• Only 2% of nucleotides in human genome code
for all the proteins in body
• 25 000 genes was much less than predicted
• Over 50% of genome is repeating sequences
• Very little genetic variation within our species –
99.9% of all humans is exactly the same
Bioinfromatics
• A field of study that deals with using
computer technology to create and
analyze a large database of biological
information
• Today we have huge databases of protein
and DNA information
• NCBI
Genomics
• The study of genomes and the complex
interactions of genes that result in
phenotypes
• Can study genetic diseases as well as
genetic susceptibility to disease
Single Nuclear Polymorphisms
(SNPs)
• SNPs can account for
genetic diseases
Gene Expression
• If all cells in the human body have the
EXACT same DNA sequence why is a
heart cell so different from a nerve cell?
Microarrays
Microarray
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNsThMNjKhM&feature=related
Epigenetics
• “above the genome”
• Study of how changes in the inheritance of certain traits or
phenotypes are based on changes to gene function and
not to changes in DNA sequence
• Epigenetic changes respond to changes to environmental
changes, but not considered evolution, because no
changes in DNA sequence.
• This is Nobel prize worthy stuff!
Epigenetics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RfgaolrDn8