Transcript Some - Uplift Education

Blood
February 18, 2014
What is the function of blood?
Transports material throughout the body, including:
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Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
Electrolytes
Hormones
Immune cells
HEAT!!
Why do we need oxygen?
Why can you die from blood loss?
We need oxygen to do cellular
Lack of oxygen in heart and brain
respiration – to convert glucose
into ATP
What is blood made of?
plasma ~55%,
platelets & white blood cells ~1%,
red blood cells ~44%
Blood Components
Plasma (~55% TOTAL VOLUME)
 ~92% water
 ~7% proteins
 Albumin (osmotic balance)
 Fibrinogen (clotting)
 Antibodies (immune)
 Hormones (regulation)
 ~1% other solutes
 Electrolytes (osmotic and pH
balance, regulating
membrane permeability)
 Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids,
amino acids)
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
Blood Components
Erythocytes (~44% TOTAL VOLUME)
 aka red blood cells
 tiny!
 lack a nucleus, have few organelles
 contain hemoglobin – an ironcontaining protein that reversibly
binds to oxygen (and a small amount
of CO2)
How does the structure of erythrocytes
facilitate their function?
- very small to fit through small capillaries
- small size and lack of nucleus, most
organelles designed to maximize oxygen
transport
Blood Components
Leukocytes (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME)
 aka white blood cells
Blood is typically stained
with chemicals that bind
to certain proteins to aid
in identification of cells
 fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer
 can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue – diapedesis
 summoned to damaged areas by chemotaxis, move by ameboid
motion

Blood Components
Leukocyte Types
 Granulocytes – contain granules in cytoplasm and unusually
shaped nuclei
a) Neutrophils –
phagocytes; abundant
during bacterial
infection
b) Eosinophils –
kill parasitic worms
and increase during
allergy attacks
c) Basophils assist in inflammatory
response
Blood Components
Leukocyte Types
 Agranulocytes – lack granules in cytoplasm and have normal nuclei
a) Lymphocytes –
most numerous;
include B and T cells;
produce antibodies
and attack infected
cells
b) Monocytes –
engulf and destroy
pathogens
Blood Components
Platelets (<1% TOTAL VOLUME)
 cell fragments
 involved in blood clotting
Review 1: What is blood made of?
Identify each component, and justify your
response!
A
B
C
D
Review 2: Structure & Function
Identify the component of blood that transports each
material, and justify your response!
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•
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Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids,
vitamins)
Electrolytes
Hormones
Immune cells
HEAT!!
Review 3: Compare & Contrast
Turn & Talk – 2 min
Compare & contrast the structure and function of
erythrocytes and leukocytes
Blood Groups
 All cells in the body have genetically-determined
glycoproteins on their surface; the combinations of these
are unique to each individual and are involved in self / nonself recognition
 Some of these proteins are also antigens – they cause an
immune response in individuals that do not posses them
 The proteins (blood factors) that cause the greatest
immune response belong to the ABO and Rh groups.
Antigen – Antibody Reactions
 Antigens are foreign substances that provoke an immune
response, including the release of antibodies that bind to and
attack them
 Where are antigens found?
 Surface of pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, etc.)
 Vaccines (that’s why they work!)
 Allergens (e.g. pollen, dust, etc.)
 Cancer cells (foreign b/c cell has mutated)
 Transplanted tissue / organs
 Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that
bind to and destroy antigens. Antibodies are specific to
certain antigens
Agglutination
 When antibodies bind to
RBCs, they cause
agglutination, or clumping
Why is this bad?
 Initially, clumps clog small
capillaries, causing pain and
reduced blood flow
 Later, RBCs that are bound to
the antibodies lyse or break
open, releasing hemoglobin
into the blood – which can
cause kidney failure
ABO blood group
 In the ABO blood group, there are two antigens, “A” and “B”,
found on the surface of RBCs
 You can have
one type of
antigen, both
types, or
neither
 You develop
antibodies to
the type of
antigens you
don’t have
during infancy
ABO blood group & transfusions
The key to transfusions:
You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for
which they have antibodies, otherwise, their immune
system will attack that blood.
Fill out the chart …
Blood Type Can donate to Can receive from
A
B
AB
O
ABO blood group & transfusions
The key to transfusions:
You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for
which they have antibodies, otherwise, their immune
system will attack that blood.
Fill out the chart …
Blood Type Can donate to
A
A, AB
B
B, AB
AB
AB
O
O, A, B, AB
Can receive from
A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O
O
Rh Blood Group
 The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar) antigens
on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen “D”
 People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens. They
are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens.
 Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be sensitized to the D
antigen before developing antibodies. That means Rh- people
will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they
encounter Rh+ blood … but they will if they have it a second
time.
Blood Type
Rh+
Rh-
Can donate to
Can receive from
Rh Blood Group
 The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar) antigens
on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen “D”
 People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens. They
are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens.
 Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be sensitized to the D
antigen before developing antibodies. That means Rh- people
will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they
encounter Rh+ blood … but they will if they have it a second
time.
Blood Type
Rh+
Rh-
Can donate to
Rh+
Rh-, Rh+
What is the universal donor?
Can receive from
Rh-, Rh+
Rh-
The universal recipient?
Rh Blood Group & Pregnancy
 Rh- moms can carry a Rh+ baby if the dad is Rh+
 The first baby is usually born without any problems, but, during
delivery, some of the baby’s D antigens will contact the mom’s
blood, causing her to be sensitized to D antigens.
 If the mom becomes pregnant with a second Rh+ baby, her
immune system will attack the baby’s blood, causing brain
damage or death to the fetus.
 This can be prevented by giving the
mother medicine that prevents her
from developing antibodies against
D antigens.
Blood Typing
Antiserum is a solution that
contains antibodies against a
specific antigen (i.e. antiserum
A contains type A antibodies).
Blood type is determined by
adding antiserum A, B, and D
to blood and observing
whether or not agglutination
occurs.
Genetics Refresher
We have two versions – or alleles – of every gene. One inherited
from our mom, one from our dad.
The two alleles (genotype) interact to determine our trait
(phenotype) in predictable ways.
 Some alleles are dominant, some are recessive. Dominant
genes show their trait and ‘cover up’ recessive genes.
 IA (A) and IB (B) are dominant to i (O).
 D (+) is dominant to d (–)
 Some alleles are codominant. This means both alleles fully
express their trait.
 IA and IB are codominant with each other.
Genotype to Phenotype
What blood type will result from each genotype?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IAiDD
iidd
IB IB Dd
IA IB dd
IB iDd
Genotype to Phenotype
What blood type will result from each genotype?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IAiDD
iidd
IB IB Dd
IA IB dd
IB iDd
A+
OB+
ABB+
Phenotype to Genotype
What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A+
ABOB+
Phenotype to Genotype
What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A+
ABOB+
IAIADD, IAiDD, IAIADd, IAiDd
IAIBdd
iidd
IBIBDD, IBiDD, IBIBDd, IBiDd
Other important vocab –
Homozygous – both alleles for one gene are the same (e.g. ii)
Heterozygous – the two alleles for one gene are different (e.g. Iai)
Punnett Squares
Punnett Squares are a tool for predicting the traits that will
result from crossing certain genotypes.
Monohybrid Crosses
1. Iai X ii
2. IBIB X Iai
3. Dd X dd
Dihybrid Crosses
1. IAiDd X iiDd
2. AB- X iiDD
3. IBiDd X IAiDD
4. IAidd X IBiDd
Homework
Bring in permission form
Closure
What were our objectives, and what did we learn?
What was our learner profile trait and how did we
demonstrate it?
How does what we did today tie to our unit
question?