Transcript How to determine what blood type a person is?

Some blood facts
• The human body contains approximately 5
to 6L (men) and 4 to 5L (women) of blood
• Non- characteristic properties of blood:
-_____________ - ____________
- _____________ - _____________
Blood Constituents
Blood is a homogeneous mixture
composed of formed elements (blood
cells) and liquid plasma :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Red blood cells (______)
White blood cells (______)
____________
____________ (fluid)
Functions of the components of blood
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
 Small, round cells that lack a nucleus
 ___________________________ (inside
some, but not all bones)
 _________________________________
- Your body produces _______________
________________________________
Contain red pigment called _____________
- a protein that enables the RBC to
transport O2 and CO2 around the body

2. White blood cells (WBCs)
__________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 Provide immunity and defense against
disease

– they _________________ (engulf and destroy)
dead or damaged cells, old RBCs and bacteria
– they produce ________________ (a defense
against bacteria)
WBC Phagocytosis:
WBC
RBC
Video: 2 min.
Blood Cell production
• Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone
marrow
• Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the bones
that is composed of stem cells.
• As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in the
marrow, they pass into the blood that passes
through the bones
• Red marrow: _______________________________
__________________________________________
• Yellow marrow. _____________________________
__________________________________________
3. Platelets:
–
–
–
Solid fragments stemming
from large cells in the bone
marrow
Play an important role in
blood ________________
– ___________________
___________________
Their role is to stop bleeding
internally or externally
“Hemophilia?”
– An inherited disorder where there is an
absence of platelets or the platelets do not
clot properly. Individuals affected with this
disorder bleed continuously when injured.
They require clotting factor and often blood
transfusions when hit or cut.
4. Plasma:
•
Yellowish liquid composed of:
–
–
•
Water (90%)
Dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, salts),
antibodies, hormones, and waste products
makes up approximately 55% of whole blood.
plasma
RBC, WBC,
platelets
4 Main functions of plasma:
1.carries nutrients to the cells
(These have been broken down in the digestive system and
absorbed into the blood in the small intestine)
2. transports oxygen
(which enters the blood by diffusion from the alveoli into
the capillaries)
3. Transports waste products from cellular activity
to the excretory organs
4. Transports hormones, antibodies and various
other substances
For homework
(to be completed in your logbook)
- Make a study chart summarizing the components of blood
and their functions.
- Make sure to write short descriptions in your own words!!
Blood Component
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelets
plasma
Function(s)
Blood Types and
Blood Transfusions
Class Starter:
1)What are the different blood types that exist?
2)What determines what type of blood you have?
3)Why can you die if you were to receive an
incompatible blood type?
What determines the different blood groups?
Blood types are determined by the presence or
absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs
 A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific
proteins) attached to RBCs
 The different blood types are not spread out
equally in the population
Blood Types
• The presence or absence of a third antigen
(Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or
negative
• Rh present = positive (+)
• Rh not present = negative (-)
• This gives us 8 blood types:
• A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+
Blood Types
Blood
Group
A+
AB+
BAB+
ABO+
O-
Antigen
Blood Types
Blood
Group
A+
AB+
BAB+
ABO+
Antigen
A, Rh
A
B, Rh
B
A,B, Rh
A, B
Rh
O-
none
Blood Transfusions
• People who have blood diseases and others
who require extensive surgery must receive
blood transfusions
• A blood transfusion is the injection of blood
into a person
• This requires:
– a donor, the person who gives the blood
– a recipient, the person who receives the blood
Fact:
• In the 19th century, many blood transfusions
resulted in the recipients dying.
• Why?
• We know understand that there are specific
antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood
• If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s
antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s
blood will attack the donor’s antigens
resulting in blood coagulation and possible
death
Blood Types
Blood
Group
Antigens
(surface)
• The antigens on your
A+
A, Rh
RBCs will determine
AA
the antibodies that
B+
B, Rh
circulate in your blood
BB,
• The antibodies in your
blood are the opposite AB+ A, B, Rh
of the antigens on your AB A, B
RBCs
O+
Rh
ONone
Antibodies
(in plasma)
Blood Types
Blood
Group
Antigens
(surface)
• The antigens on your
A+
A, Rh
RBCs will determine
AA
the antibodies that
B+
B, Rh
circulate in your blood
BB,
• The antibodies in your
blood are the opposite AB+ A, B, Rh
of the antigens on your AB A, B
RBCs
O+
Rh
O-
None
Antibodies
(in plasma)
B
Rh
A
A, Rh
None
Rh
A, B
A, B, Rh
Draw a picture to represent the antigens and
antibodies present in each blood group
Blood
Group
Antigens
Blood
Group
A+
AB+
A-
AB -
B+
O+
B-
O-
Antigens
Blood Compatibility rules
• Main rule:
– The donor’s blood cannot contain any antibodies
that match the antigens on the recipients red
blood cells
• Tricks
– Similar blood types can always give blood to
eachother
– + blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types
– – blood types CAN give blood to + blood types
• Universal donors: can give blood to anyone
= type O- (because it has no antigens)
• Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone
= type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)
Blood Types
Blood
Type
AA+
BB+
ABAB+
OO+
Can donate to:
Can receive from:
A
O
AB
B
How to determine what blood type a person is?
 A person’s blood group is determined by mixing
a drop of his or her blood with 3 different
commercial serums (solutions with dissolved
antibodies)

Anti- A serum

Anti-B serum

Anti-Rh serum
 If agglutination (coagulation) takes place (small
dots appear)it means that the RBCs have
antigens matching that specific serum.

By determining which antigens are on the surface of
the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is
How to determine what blood type a person is?
• Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination
• Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination
• Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination
– Sample X is blood type: A-
Determining blood groups
Blood Typing Activity
•
•
•
•
Bottle 1 = Mr. Smith
Bottle 2 = Mr. Green
Bottle 3= Ms. Brown
Bottle 4= Mr. Jones
Blood types
• Blood typing game
• Quiz
• Lab activity
CREATING VACCINES web
• PBS nova:
• BIO TERROR home page:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/
• Creating a vaccine GAME:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/va
ccines.html