Transcript Intro to O chem

Macromolecules
I. What are macromolecules?
A. CARBOHYDRATES
B. LIPIDS
D. NUCLEIC
ACIDS
(DNA)
C. PROTEINS
II. What does it mean to be organic?
A. CHNOPS
– The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life
What makes something Organic?
B. If it contains the element Carbon (C) and
Hydrogen (H) it is called a
HYDROCARBON
– they contain only C and H bonded in different
proportions
III. Functional Groups
Before we begin to study macromolecules,
let’s start with the functional groups
Specific groups of atoms within molecules
that are responsible for the characteristic
chemical reactions of those molecules
A. Hydroxyl Group
Identified as a hydrogen atom bonded
directly to an oxygen atom (-OH)
Easily identifiable and one of most popular
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
Ethanol
OH
B. Carboxyl Group
Slightly larger than hydroxyl
Molecular formula COOH
Carbon double bonded to oxygen on one
side and bonded to OH on the other
C. Phosphate Group
Phosphorous surrounded by 4 oxygen
atoms
One of oxygen atoms shows double bond
to phosphorous
D. Carbonyl Group
• Carbon atom joined to an oxygen
atom by a double bond (symbolized
as C=O)
• Two types:
• Aldehyde
• Ketone
2 Forms: Aldehydes & Ketones
• Aldehyde groups,
• Ketone groups, where
where the C=O group is
at the end of a
molecule
• H atom is also located
on the same C atom.
the C=O group is
located within a
molecule
• All sugars have either a
ketone or an aldehyde
E. Amino Group
Nitrogen bonded to
2 hydrogen atoms
– Non-ionized form
Nitrogen bonded to
3 hydrogen atoms,
one has positive
charge (H+)
– Ionized Form
F. Sulfhydryl Group
Fairly rare for our purposes
Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
Let’s See What You’ve Learned
So Far!!
Get ready to click away!!
Which functional group is shown
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1. Carboxyl
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2. Sulfhydryl
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3. Hydroxyl
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4. Amino
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Which carbonyl functional group
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1. Aldehyde
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2. Ketone
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3. Carboxyl
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What functional group is shown
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1. Hydroxyl
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2. Carboxyl
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3. Phosphate
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4. Carbonyl
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Which functional group is shown
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1. Hydroxyl
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2. Sulfhydryl
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3. Carboxyl
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4. Aldehyde
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5. I need help with this.
H
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Ethanol
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Which functional group
represents an aldehyde group?
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2. 2
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3. 3
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Putting things
together…let’s make some
MACROMOLECULES
IV.) Formation of Macromolecules
A. What are macromolecules made of?
1. Monomers: smaller building blocks of the
macromolecules
2. Monomers can link together to form
polymers (macromolecules)
Macromolecule Formation
Process = Dehydration Synthesis
Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O
Leaves bonding sites that join monomer
units.
Monomer
Monomer
OH
H
H2O
Polymer
Macromolecule Destruction
Process = Hydrolysis
Break bond between monomer units.
Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.
Polymer
H2O
OH
Monomer
H
Monomer
Fill in Chart…
For each Macromolecule
– Made of (elements)
– Basic Unit (monomer)
– Polymer unit
– Function
– Where found
– Examples
Use pages 32-41 in book and/or discuss
with partner