Transcript Document

Macromolecules
What are macromolecules?
What makes up Macromolecules?
CHNOPS
The Six Most Abundant
Elements of Life
What makes something Organic?
If it contains the element Carbon (C) and
Hydrogen (H)
Ex of an organic molecule…
– HYDROCARBONS are important chemicals in
biology…they contain only C and Hydrogen
bonded in different proportions
Hydrocarbons
Name and
Comments
Molecular Structural
Formula
Formula
H
(a) Methane
CH4
H C
H
H
(b) Ethane
H H
C2H6
H C C H
H H
(c) Ethene
(ethylene)
H
C2H4
H
C C
H
H
Ball-andStick Model
SpaceFilling
Model
Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, functional groups are
specific groups of atoms within molecules
that are responsible for the characteristic
chemical reactions of those molecules.
Carboxyl Groups
H
H
O
O
O
H
C
H
C
C
C
H
OH
OH
H
+ H+
C
O
Hydroxyl Group
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
Ethanol
OH
Carbonyl Group
O
C
Carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen
atom by a double bond (symbolized as C=O).
Like hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups contribute to making
molecules water-soluble. All sugar molecules have one
carbonyl group, in addition to hydroxyl groups on the other
carbon atoms.
Two Forms of Carbonyl Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
O
H
H
C
C
H
C
H
H
H
O
O
H
C
H
Propanal, an aldehyde
C
C
H
H
C
H
H
Acetone, a ketone
Aldehyde groups, where the C=O group is at the end of an
organic molecule. A hydrogen atom is also located on the same
carbon atom.
Keto groups, where the C=O group is located within an
organic molecule. All sugars have either a keto or an aldehyde
group.
An aldehyde and a ketone may be structural isomers with
different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal.
Aldehydes
Functional Groups
Phosphate
O
O
P
OH
OH
Sulfhydryl
Amine Group
Putting things
together…let’s make some
MACROMOLECULES
Monomers & Polymers:
• monomers
• smaller building
blocks of the
macromolecules
•POLYMERS:
• proteins:
•Mono=Amino acids
• nucleic acid:
•Mono= nucleotides
• carbohydrate:
•Mono=
monosaccharides
• lipid:
•Mono=Fatty acids
Putting together / Taking apart macromolecules:
macromolecules: monomers <--> polymers
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
•
•
•
•
fig 4.3
Synthesis = dehydration synthesis
Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O
Leaves bonding sites that join monomer
units.
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Disassembly = hydrolysis
Break bond between monomer units.
Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.
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Fill in Chart…
For each Macromolecule
– Made of (elements)
– Basic Unit (monomer)
– Function
– Where found
– Examples
Proteins - Composition
Proteins can be made up of any or all of…
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Sulfur