1. Summarize the philosophies of vitalism and
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Transcript 1. Summarize the philosophies of vitalism and
Chapter 4 Reading Quiz
1. The atoms of what element are
considered the most “versatile”
carbon
building blocks?
2. “Tetra-” refers to what number? four
3. A “hydroxyl” group is represented
by what formula? OH4. What’s in a “sulfhydryl” group? S & H
5. Name a biological structure in which
phosphates are necessary.
1. Summarize the philosophies of vitalism and
mechanism.
Vitalism = belief in a life force outside the
jurisdiction of chemical or physical laws
- 19th century built on this because chemists
couldn’t synthesize organic compounds
Mechanism = belief that all natural phenomena are
governed by physical and chemical laws
- could synthesize organic molecules from
inorganic molecules
- Miller showed possibility that organic
compounds could have been made in primitive
earth
2. Explain how carbon’s electron
configuration determines the kinds and
number of bonds carbon will form.
• Carbon shows a tetravalent electron
configuration
• 4 bonds are allowed due to the emergent
properties from the 4 valence electrons
• 6 protons; 6 neutrons; 6 electrons
• Carbon forms covalent bonds and acts as the
central atom from which the molecule
branches
3. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and
explain how this variation contributes to the
diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
• Carbon skeletons vary in:
1. Length
2. Shape (straight, branched, ring)
3. Number and location of double bonds
4. Other elements covalently bonded
Many different molecules can form
4. Distinguish among 3 types of isomers:
structural, geometric, & enantiomers.
Structural Isomers
• Isomers that differ in the covalent
arrangement of their atoms
number of possible isomers increases as
carbons increase
location of double bonds differ
4. Continued…
Geometric Isomers
• Share same covalent partnerships, but
differ in their spatial arrangement
• Double bonds don’t allow free movement
• Can affect biological diversity
4. Continued…
Enantiomers
• Molecules are mirror images of each
other
• Usually one form is biologically active
and one is not
5. Recognize the 6 major functional groups,
and describe the chemical properties of
organic molecules in which they occur.
1. Hydroxyl Group
a functional group that consists of a
hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom,
which in turn is bonded to a carbon
it is polar & water soluble
organic compounds with these are
alcohols
C – OH
5. Continued…
2. Carbonyl Group
functional group with a carbon atom
double bonded to oxygen
polar & water soluble
is the group found in SUGARS
• if at the end of the skeleton – aldehyde
• if in the middle of the skeleton – ketone
5. Continued…
3. Carboxyl group
functional group that has a carbon atom which
is both double bonded to an oxygen and single
bonded to an oxygen of a hydroxyl (-OH) group
water soluble
VERY polar due to 2 oxygens bonded to 1 carbon
has acidic properties; “carboxylic acids”
-COOH
5. Continued…
4. Amino Group
functional group consists of nitrogen
atom bonded to 2 hydrogens and to the
carbon skeleton
polar & water soluble
acts as a weak base
-NH2
5. Continued…
5. Sulfhydryl Group
functional group with an atom of
sulfur bonded to an atom of
hydrogen
helps stabilize the structure of
proteins
when in organic compoundscalled ‘thiols’
5. Continued…
6. Phosphate Group
functional group which is the dissociated
form of phosphoric acid
acid properties
polar & water soluble
important in cellular energy storage &
transfer
H3PO4