Transcript Italian States - Westglen School

Italian Renaissance
1300-1600
Italian States
• The civilization of the Italian
Renaissance was urban, centered on
towns that had become prosperous
from manufacturing, trade, and
banking.
• Italians had acquired considerable
wealth, and some of this wealth was
used to support writers, scholars, and
artists.
• During the Renaissance, Italy remained
divided politically. In northern Italy, the citystates of Florence, Milan, Genoa and Venice
became major centers of the Renaissance
civilization.
• Rome dominated the Papal States of central
Italy
Italian States
Florence
– Oligarchy
Papal States
– Medici family
– Renaissance
– Savonarola
Popes
Milan
•
Julius
II
– Condottiere
– Spanish empire
Genoa
Venice
-Sforza ruled
– Great Council
• Doge
-two faced city
– Monopoly on spice and
luxury trade
How did Florence become
the most influential
city-state?
• Maintained thriving industry
in wool and silk trade
• Purchased luxury items from
the East and sold them for a
large profit
• Sold insurance to sea traders
to protect their oversees
investments
• Created numerous banks that
made loans or exchanged
currencies
• Medici family promoted trade,
banking, the arts, scholarship, and
civic pride
Santa Maria del Fiore
Why was Milan
important?
The wealthy city of
Milan was located in the
north at the crossroads
of the main trade
routes from Italian
coastal cities to the
Alpine passes
Italian Renaissance Art
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Religious scenes focused on expressions
Holy as human
God’s beauty in world
Nude body
Uniqueness - self-portraits
Pagan myths as Christian icons
Individual-secular
Giotto
• Religious subjects in more
human fashion and realistic
setting
• Illusion of depth
Masaccio
• Used light and
shade to
perspective
• The Holy Trinity
Sandro Botticelli
•
•
•
•
•
Vivid colors
Classical mythology
The Adoration of the Magi
The Birth of Venus
Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci
• First Italian artist to use oil
paints
• Mona Lisa
• The Last Supper
• The Virgin of the Rocks
• Religious matter in secular and
humanized fashion
Leonardo da Vinci
• Studying fossils
• Anatomy from
dissections
• First accurate
description of
human skeleton
• Remained on paper
Raphael Santi
• Humanized Madonna
paintings
• Sistine Madonna
• School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarotti
•
•
•
•
Sistine Chapel
David
Moses
Pieta
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Titian
• Tiziano Vecellio
• Most famous
Venetian painter
• One painting a
month
• “Titian” red
• The Assumption of
the Virgin
The Northern Renaissance
• The influence of the Italian Renaissance
gradually spread northward.
• The Northern Renaissance was infused with
a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where
there had been often an almost open revolt
against Christian ideals.
Renaissance in Germany and
Low Countries
• Printing press w/
moveable type
– Johannes Gutenberg
– 1456 - the Bible
– Rapid spread of
knowledge
• Christian Humanism
– Unite classical
learning w/ Christian
faith
– Erasmus
• ‘Prince of the
Humanists’
• Praise of Folly
• Rejected Luther
Flemish Painting
• Jan and Hubert van
Eyck
– First to use oil paints
– The Adoration of the
Lamb
– Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
• Hieronymus Bosch
– Nightmarish fantasy
worlds
– Garden of Earthly Delight
• Peter Brueghel
– Earthly and lively
activities of peasants
– Peasant Wedding
– Children’s Games
German Painting
• Albrecht Durer
– Mastery of
expression
– Woodcuts
– Self-Portrait
• Hans Holbein the
Younger
– Portraits
•
•
•
•
Henry VIII
Erasmus
Thomas More
The Ambassadors
Elizabethan Literature
• Edmund Spenser
– Leading poet
• Christopher Marlowe
– playwright
– Brief career
– Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare
– Most famous playwright
• Ben Jonson
– Last major literary figure
Spanish Renaissance
• Cardinal Fransciso
Jumenez de Cisneros
• Miguel de Cervantes
– Don Quixote
• Felix Lope de Vega
– Most prolific playwright
• El Greco
– Greatest painter of SR
– Studied with Titian
– Intense religious
mysticism
– Mannerism
• El Escorial
The Protestant Reformation
• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses
• 1534 - Act of Supremacy
• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
Martin Luther
• Planned to be a lawyer
• Religious conversion to
Augustinian monk
• Theology teacher at
university of Wittenberg
• “The just shall live by
faith.” Romans (1:17)
– Justification by faith
• Johann Tetzel
– Indulgence controversy
• 95 Theses
• Diet of Worms
Lutheranism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
“Justification by faith”
“Sola scriptura”
Baptism and holy communion
Priesthood of believers
German translation of Bible
Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy
Lutheranism
Lutheranism
• Peasants’ Revolt
• Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V
• Diet of Augsburg
• Peace of Augsburg
– German prince right to
determine religion of his
state
• Lutheran or Roman Catholic
• No recognition of Calvinists
or Anabaptists
– Lutheranism dominant in
northern Germany and
Scandinavia
Calvinism
• Ulrich Zwingli
– Humanist and
Catholic priest
– Sacraments only
symbolic ceremonies
– Rejected celibacy of
clergy
– Emphasized
simplicity in worship
– Killed by Catholic
forces
• John Calvin
– Protestant
– Exile in Geneva
– Institutes of the
Christian Religion
– Predestination
• Salvation by election
– Puritanism
• Theocracy
Spread of Calvinism
• Switzerland
• France
– Huguenots
• John Knox
– Presbyterians
• England
– Puritans
• Netherlands
• Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”
Anglicanism
• King Henry VIII
– Divorce of Catherine of
Aragon
– Thomas Cramner
• Act of Supremacy
– King head of Church of
England
– Six Articles
• No papal supremacy
• Sold monasteries
• Supported by English
people
– Papal taxes
– “Babylonian Captivity”
– Monastic land
• Execution of Thomas More
• Edward VI
– 42 Articles
• More Protestant
• Cramner’s Book of
Common Prayer
• Bloody Mary
– Executed Cramner
– Married Philip II
• Elizabeth I
– Last Tudor
– 39 Articles
– Opposition
• Pilgrims - Separatists
• Mary Queen of Scots
• Philip II
Anabaptism
• Radicals of the PR
• Rejection of infant
baptism
• Active in Peasants’
Revolt
• Thomas Munzer
• John of Leyden
• Menno Simons
– Mennonites