Transcript Chemistry of Life

•
2–1
The Nature of Matter
A.Atoms
B.Elements and Isotopes
1. Isotopes
2. Radioactive Isotopes
C.Chemical Compounds
D.Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic Bonds
2. Covalent Bonds
3. Van der Waals Forces
Atomic Structure
Isotopes of Carbon
Nonradioactive carbon-12
Nonradioactive carbon-13
6 electrons
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 electrons
6 protons
7 neutrons
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons
6 protons
8 neutrons
Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11
Electrons -11
Charge
0
Protons +17
Electrons -17
Charge
0
Protons +11
Electrons -10
Charge
+1
Protons +17
Electrons -18
Charge
-1
Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11
Electrons -11
Charge
0
Protons +17
Electrons -17
Charge
0
Protons +11
Electrons -10
Charge
+1
Protons +17
Electrons -18
Charge
-1
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
•
2–2
Properties of Water
A.The Water Molecule
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonds
B.Solutions and Suspensions
1. Solutions
2. Suspensions
C.Acids, Bases, and pH
1.
2.
3.
4.
The pH Scale
Acids
Bases
Buffers
pH Scale
Increasingly Basic
Oven cleaner
Increasingly Acidic
Neutral
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
NaCI Solution
ClCl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water
NaCI Solution
ClCl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water
•
2–3 Carbon
Compounds
A.The Chemistry of
Carbon
B.Macromolecules
C.Carbohydrates
D.Lipids
E.Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Carbon Compounds
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
A Starch
Starch
Glucose
Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
A Protein
Amino
acids
•
2–4 Chemical Reactions
and Enzymes
A.Chemical Reactions
B.Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C.Enzymes
D.Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Effect of Enzymes
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
Chemical Reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Chemical Reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Enzyme Action
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Enzyme Action
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Enzyme Action
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Enzyme Action
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Enzymatic Reactions
Terms to know
Dehydration synthesis = forming a
substance and using water (water is a
product)
Hydrolysis = breaking down of substance
and forming of water (water is a reactant)
-lysis = to break down