Transcript Organic Compounds

Acids and Bases
Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution.
Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7.
Base- A base produces hydroxide ions in solution.
Basic solutions have a pH value above 7
Buffers- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to
prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.
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pH Scale
Section 2-2
Increasingly Basic
Oven cleaner
Increasingly Acidic
Neutral
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Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
Interest Grabber
Section 2-3
Life’s Backbone
Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact,
carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds.
Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which
makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.
As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different
carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For
example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of
atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.
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Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-3
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain
carbon.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your
list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those
elements next to them.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecule- means giant molecule
Monomers-small unit of a macromolecule that joins with other monomers
to form polymers.
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Four Groups of Organic Macromolecules or
Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms , usually in
a ratio of 1:2:1
Monosaccharides are single (mono=one) sugars. Important
monosaccharides include glucose (C6H12O6), and fructose (same formula
but different structure than glucose).
Polysaccharides are large molecules composed of individual
monosaccharide units. A common plant polysaccharide is starch (shown in
Figure 12), which is made up of many glucose
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Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
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Lipids
involved mainly with long-term energy storage. Common categories
are fats, oils, and waxes.
Lipids are composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
molecule.
Fatty acids can be saturated (meaning they have as many
hydrogens bonded to their carbons as possible)
unsaturated (with one or more double bonds connecting their
carbons, hence fewer hydrogens)
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Lipids Cont.
A fat is solid at room temperature, while an oil is a liquid under the same
conditions. The fatty acids in oils are mostly unsaturated, while those
in fats are mostly saturated.
Cooking oils, such as corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, and peanut oil.
Contain polyunsaturated lipids.
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Proteins
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.
The building block of any protein is the amino acid, which has an
amino end (NH2) and a carboxyl end (COOH).
More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.
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Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Section:
Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-17 A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino
acids
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Nucleic Acids
Are polymers composed of monomer units known as nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a
phosphate.
Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.
Two kinds Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
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Nucleic Acids contl
there are five nitrogenous bases. Purines (Adenine and Guanine) are
double-ring structures, while pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine and
Uracil) are single-ringed.
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Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into
another set of chemicals.
Two parts Reactants and Products.
Reactants  Products
2H2O  2H2 + O2
Activation energy- the energy needed to get a reaction started.
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Enzymes
Catalyst- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
They lower the reactions activation energy.
Enzymes-proteins that act as biological catalysts.
Enzymes are not used up during the reaction and can
be used over and over again. Enzymes can usually be
identified by the "ase" ending in the name.
Substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
Enzymes attach to the substrate at an active site, like a "lock and
key" fit.
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Enzymes Cont.
Coenzymes help enzymes bond to a substrate. Ex: vitamins
Inhibitors block active sites to regulate enzyme activity.
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Effect of Enzymes
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
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Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
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Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
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Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
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Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins- organic molecules that help regulate body processes
often working with enzymes.
Two types- Fat-soluble and water soluble.
Minerals- inorganic nutrients the body needs in small amounts.
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