Transcript Prentice Hall Biology - Mahopac Central School District

Interest Grabber
Section 2-2
Water, Water Everywhere
If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that
much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth
possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be
present to support that life.
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-2
1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water
in them.
2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists
contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise
you?
3. Did either list contain any living things?
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Section:
Objective: You will be able to differentiate
between inorganic and organic compounds.
Do Now:
 Read all of page 44
 Explain why carbon can create so many
different kinds of molecules
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Section:
Inorganic versus Organic compounds
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Section:
Types of Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
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Section:
An Element in the Periodic Table
Section 2-1
6
C
Carbon
12.011
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Section:
Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation
(a) Length
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
Ethane
H
Propane
H
H
(b) Branching
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
(d) Rings
Figure 4.5 A-D
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Section:
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
2-Butene
H
H
C
H
H
1-Butene
H
H
H
H
H
H
Cyclohexane
H
2-methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
Butane
(c) Double bonds
C
H
C
C
C
C
C
Benzene
H
H
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Section:
Objective: You will be able to describe the
structure and function of carbohydrates
Do Now:
Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45
Differentiate between monomers and
polymers
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Section:
Functions
– Readily available source of energy
– Energy storage
– Strong building materials
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Section:
Structure
– Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
– Hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2:1 ratio
– Can have a linear or a ring structure
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Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
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Section:
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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Section:
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
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Section:
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
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Section:
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread
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Section:
Lipids have several functions:
 Long term energy storage
 Make up cell membranes
 Work as steroids
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Section:
Structure of Lipids
 Consists of one glycerol and three fatty
acids
 Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and
hydrogen
 Greater than 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to
oxygen
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Section:
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
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Section:
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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
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Section:
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid
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Section:
Objective: You will be able to describe the
structure and function of nucleic acids.
Do Now:
•Read “Nucleic Acids” on p. 47
•List the parts of a nucleotide
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Section:
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
O

O
P
5’C
O
CH2
O
O
Phosphate
group
Figure 5.26
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Section:
(b) Nucleotide
3’C
Pentose
sugar
DNA
1
Synthesis of
mRNA in the nucleus
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2
Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
3
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Section:
Figure 5.25
Ribosome
Synthesis
of protein
Polypeptide
Amino
acids
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Section:
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Section:
Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Section:
Alanine
Serine
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
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Section:
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
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Section:
Alanine
Serine
Figure 2-17 A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino
acids
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 2-4
Matter and Energy
Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a
fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that
changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical
reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in
compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical
reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a
chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of
cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-4
1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
2. What are the products when wood burns?
3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?
4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What
does this mean in terms of energy?
5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to
keep restarting the fire?
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Section:
Section Outline
Section 2-4
2–4
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
A. Chemical Reactions
B. Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C. Enzymes
D. Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
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Section:
Effect of Enzymes
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
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Section:
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Section:
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Section:
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
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Section:
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
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Section:
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Go to
Section:
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Go to
Section:
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Videos
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Atomic Structure
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Enzymatic Reactions
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Career links on forensic scientists
Interactive test
Articles on organic chemistry
For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-1022.
For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code
as follows: cbn-1024.