Transcript jerusalem tomb of virgin mary

Renaissance and
Reformation
Main Content

General Introduction

Renaissance in Italy

Renaissance in Other Countries

Science and Technology during the
Renaissance

The Reformation
I. General Introduction
 Renaissance: literally means “revival” or “rebirth”
of the ancient Greek and Roman culture;
 In essence, “renaissance” was a historical period in
which humanists made attempts to get rid of
conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce
new ideas that expressed the interests of the
rising bourgeoisie.
 Period:
14th— early 17th century (or late 16th)
 It started in Florence and Venice in Italy to the
rest of Europe.
 《圣经》说：“有钱人进天堂，比骆驼穿过针
眼还难。”基督教原始教义带有明显的反商意
识，也连带禁止商业文化带来的世俗享乐和追
求物质的倾向。14世纪时，崛起于意大利中、
北部城市的商人阶级…… 由于拥有财富而创
造了为财富服务的新思维，提出了关照人的生
命与尊严的价值观。
“我研究了古人，为自己开辟了道路。
 Its first period: early renaissance
 Started in Italy
 A revival of interest in classical literature
and an appeal for intellectual freedom
 Its second period: high renaissance
 The movement had spread to other European
countries;
 The movement had gone far beyond the
revival of classical studies and was felt in
every department of life.
A comparison between Middle Ages
and Renaissance
 the Middle Ages—preparation for life in
the next world Sin and salvation
 Renaissance—emphasize life on earth and
personal achievements
 Humanists described medieval life as
primitive and backward, and looked further
back in history to the time of the ancient
Greeks and Romans for inspiration.
A comparison between Middle
Ages and Renaissance
 中世纪神学
VS
人文主义
 神性
VS
人性
 神学束缚
VS
人权自由
 来世/禁欲
VS
现世/幸福
 蒙昧主义
VS
理性/经验
Why did Renaissance start from Italy?
 1. Italy was the richest trading nation. The rising
bourgeoisie first appeared in Italy.
 2. Italy was blessed with a huge repository of
classical ruins and artifacts.
 3. Italy gave birth to a whole generation of poets,
scholars, artists and sculptors.
 4. The decline of Constantinople caused many
Greek scholars to emigrate to Italy, bringing with
them important knowledge of classical Greek
civilization.
Humanism
 Humanism is the name of the great
intellectual and cultural movement of the
revival of interest in classical culture that
occurred in the 14th, 15th and 16th
centuries—a period which saw the
transition from the Middle Ages to the
modern era. Its influence affected
literature, philosophy, art, politics, science,
religion.
The contents of humanism
 1) the assertion of the greatness of man
 What a piece of work is man; how noble in
reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and
moving how express and admirable; in
action how like an angel; in appearance how
like a god!
 2) the appreciation of worldly pleasures
 3) the assertion of personal independence
individuality and free will
II. Renaissance in Italy
(early Renaissance:14th–mid 15th)
文学三杰
 a. Dante (1265-1321)—precursor of
humanism The Devine Comedy
 b. Francesco Petrarch (1304—1374)
 c. Giovanni Boccaccio (1313—1375)
Dante
 1265—1321
 Dante became increasingly involved with
politics.
 Dante fled Florence and lost hope of ever
returning.
 Beatrice’s death—a turning point in his life
 The Divine Comedy
Francesco Petrarch
 Italian poet, scholar, and humanist
 1304 –1374 Florence
 Father of Humanism “人的思想”代替“神的思
想”
 One of the first people to call the Middle
Ages the Dark Ages
 1327, Laura
 He formed a close friendship with Boccaccio
 Canzoniers—love lyrics《歌集》
Giovanni Boccaccio
 1313-1375
 French-born Italian poet and writer
 the Decameron (1351-1353)
 A collection of 100 tales told by seven young
ladies and three younger gentlemen on their way
to escape the Black Death of 1348.
 “幸福在人间”
 On Famous Women 《名女人》106
III. Renaissance in Italy
High Renaissance: mid 15th –late 16th
美术三杰
Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519)
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475—1564)
Raphael (1483—1520)
Leonardo da Vinci
 1452—1519
Illegitimate son of a peasant woman and a notary.
unmarried, few close attachments
“Renaissance man”
“universal man”
The most versatile genius of the Renaissance;
Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer,
musician, and scientist.
 The Virgin of the Rock 岩间圣母
 The Last Supper 最后的晚餐
 Mona Lisa 蒙娜丽莎
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Virgin of the
Rocks
The Last Supper(1495-1497)
最
后
的
晚
餐
（
局
部
）
最
后
的
晚
餐
（
局
部
）
彼
得
、
犹
大
、
约
翰
Mona Lisa
Smoky atmosphere
the contrast of
light and shadow
Michelangelo Buonarroti
 1475—1564
 Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and
poet.
 Major works: David (1501)
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Sistine Chapel (1508-1512)
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(西斯廷教堂天顶壁画)

Moses
David—a frank admiration of human body
Sistine Chapel
Moses
Tomb of Pope Julius II, by Michalangelo
Raphael
 1483—1520
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Italian painter
Raphael was best known for his Madonnas
Madonna del Granduca带金莺的圣母
Madonna with the Fish 圣母和鱼
Madonna of the Chair 椅子上的圣母
Madonna on the lawn 草地上的圣母
The Sistine Madonna 西斯廷圣母
School of Athens 雅典学派
Madonna del Granduca
中世纪作品
文艺复兴作品
Madonna with the
Fish
Madonna of the Chair
The Sistine Madonna
Madonna on the lawn
School of Athens
Decline of the Italian Renaissance
 1494-1529 The wars of Italy
 Italy was conquered by Spain and
Italian Renaissance declined.
 The discovery of America and the
rounding of the cape of good hope
III. Renaissance in Other Countries
 1.Renaissance in France

Francois Rabelais：拉伯雷
 Middle
Ages—ignorance
and superstition
 Gargantua and Pantagruel
 《高康大与庞大固埃 》
 《巨人传》
Gargantua and Pantagruel
 The interpretation of the giants’ names:
drink, drinking, thirst, thirstiness
 The only solution: life-giving wine.
 Wine is literature；
 Wine is symbolic of the intoxication of
learning;
Gargantua and Pantagruel
 Folk epic; five books
 Praise the greatness of man
 Attack clerical education and express an
appreciation for secular learning and a
confidence in human nature.
 Attack medieval asceticism and express
appreciation for worldly pleasure as a
legitimate need and aim of human nature.
A letter from Gargantua to Pantagruel
 Now all the disciplines have been restored,
languages revived: Greek, without which it
is shameful for a person to call himself
learned…Elegant and correct printed
editions are available…The world is full of
learned men, fine teachers, ample
libraries…
 …All their life was regulated not by laws,
or rules, but according to their free will
and pleasure. They rose from bed when
they pleased, and drank, ate, worked, and
slept when the fancy seized them. Nobody
woke them; nobody compelled them to
either eat or to drink, or to do anything
else whatsoever. So it was that Gargantua
had established it. In their rules there was
only one clause:
DO WHAT YOU WILL!
III. Renaissance in Other Countries
 2. Renaissance in Spain
 Miguel de Cervantes
 Novelist, dramatist and a poet
 Soldier; slave
 Don Quixote 《堂•吉诃德》
Don Quixote
 Old suit of armor; old lance
 Skinny Don Quixote and his
skinny horse
 His squire Sancho
 An ugly farm girl as his lady
 the demise of chivalry
 Romance of Chivalry
III. Renaissance in Other
Countries
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Renaissance in England
 a. Thomas More (1477—1535)
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Utopia
 b. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)
 154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poems
Thomas More
 1477-1535
 Lord chancellor to Henry
Viii
 He was beheaded for
refusing to sign the Act
of Supremacy that
declared Henry Viii the
supreme head of the
church of England.
Utopia
Utopia
 Define an ideal non-Christian republic
 Everybody lives a simple life;
 Everybody share the goods in common;
 Enjoy freedom
 No wars
Henry VIII and his six wives
William Shakespeare
 1564-1616
 A man of late Renaissance
 Stratford
 He married at the age of
18.
 Hamnet—his beloved son
 Actor, poet and playwright
Stratford
William Shakespeare
 Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream;
Merchant of Venice; All’s Well That Ends
Well终成眷属 悲喜剧; The Taming of the
Shrew; Much Ado about Nothing; The
Twelfth Night; Henry IV; As You Like It 皆
大欢喜; The Comedy of Errors; The Merry
Wives of Windsor
 Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet;
Othello; King Lear; Macbeth; Julius Caesar;
 History: The Tempest; The Winter’s Tale
When in a play...
 Only men were
permitted to perform.
 Boys or effeminate
men were used to play
the women.
 Costumes were often
the company’s most
valuable asset.
The Cost of a Show
 1 shilling to stand
 2 shillings to sit in
the balcony
 1 shilling was 10%
of their weekly
income
Romeo and Juliet
A tragic love story
Feud
Ball
Duel
Exile
Arranged marriage
Juliet’s supposed
death
 Romeo’s suicide
 Juliet’s suicide
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Hamlet
 Prince of Denmark;
 The secret of his
father’s death;
 Pretend to be insane
 Avenge his uncle
Claudis
 Hamlet was fatally
wounded by the
poisoned sword
Othello
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Othello
Othello’s wife
Iago:
Iago’s wife
Othello’s
suicide
 Set in Scotland
 King Duncan of
Scotland
 Murdered by
Macbeth
 Three witches
 Macbeth
 Duncan’s most courageous general
 Ambition to become king corrupts him
causes him to murder Duncan
 Lady Macbeth
 As ambitious as her husband
 A dark force behind his evil deeds
 Macduff
 Scottish general, suspects Macbeth of
murdering the king
 Macbeth has his family murdered
 Swears revenge and kills Macbeth
King Lear
 Three daughters;
 Cordelia;
 Betrayal of the
older daughters;
 Lear goes insane;
 The death of the
three daughters;
 The death of Lear
Reformation
 The Reformation was a 16th century religious
movement.
 教会的势力
 教会的腐败
 罗马本是神圣之城，而现在变成了肮脏之城了……谁第
一次往罗马去，他去找骗子，第二次他染上了骗子的习
气，第三次他自己就成了骗子了--Martin Luther
1.Martin Luther
2.John Calvin
3.Henry Viii
Reformation
 1.Martin
Luther
(1483—1546)
and
His
Doctrines
 a. Beginning of the Reformation:1517;信仰得救
 Men are redeemed by faith not by the purchase
of indulgences
 b. Translation of the Bible
 c. Direct communication with God
 后期走向保守
Reformation
 2. John Calvin (1509—1564) and
Calvinism
 Calvin was a French theologian.
 Institutes of the Christian Religion 《基
督教原理》
 Calvinism stressed that only those
specially elected by God are saved.
 先定论—God’s Chosen People
 天职观—凡能改善人类物质生活，改造社会的
活动，在上帝眼中就是善性。
Reformation
 Aims: oppose the absolute authority of
Roman Catholic Church; believe in the
direct communication between God and
common people through bible;
 Demands of the reformists: simplify
rituals; abolish heavy taxes; abolish
indulgences (天主教的特赦，免罪权）
Consequence after the reformation
 Reformation broke the absolute authority
of the Roman Catholic Church.
 Protestantism（清教）came into being.
 Liberal ideas—平等观念
 Pave the way for the coming Enlightenment
Geographical Discoveries
 a. Columbus (1451—1506)
 Italian explorer in the service of Spain who
determined that the earth was round and
attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from
Europe, thereby discovering America (1492). He
made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean
in his quest for a sea route to China.
 b. Dias (1466—1500)
 Portuguese navigator who was the first to round
the Cape of Good Hope.
Geographical Discoveries
 c. Vasco da Gama (about 1460---1524)
 Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.
The first European to sail to India (1497-1498),
he opened the rich lands of the East to
Portuguese trade and colonization.
 d. Amerigo Vespucci (1457---1512)
 Italian navigator and explorer of the South
American coast. America was named in his honor.
Significance of the geographical
discoveries
 Trading center had been changed;
 The connection between West and East was
enhanced.
 The colonization (America and India) were
built and made preparation for the
industrial revolution.
Exercise:
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1. Where did the Renaissance start? ____.
A. in Greece and Rome
B. in Florence and Venice
C. in Milan and Florence
D. in Italy and Germany
2. Which of the following works is written by
Boccaccio?____
A. Decameron B. Canzoniers C. David D. Moses
3. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was
best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary ) ?_____
A. Raphael B. Titian C. da Vinci D. Michelangelo
4. After the formal break of the British with the papal
authorities, who was the head of the church ? ___
A. King
B. Pope
C. Bishop
D. Queen
Exercise
 5. Who was the discoverer of the New World ?
 A. Columbus
B. Dias C. da Gama D. Vespucci
 6. “To be, or not to be, --- that is the question”
from whose works ?
 A. Chaucer
Shakespeare
B. Dante
C. Roger Bacon
D.
 7. Which of the following is Petrach’s best work?
 A. Decameron B. Othello C. Canzoniers D. The
Divine comedy
Exercise
 8. Who cut the head of Thomas More?
 A. Edward VIII B. Henry VIII C. Elisabeth 1st
D. Octovia
 9. Which one of the following is not the
tragedies of Shakespeare?
 A. King Lear B. Julius Caesar C. The Winter’s
Tale D. Macbeth
 10. Who is the author of On the Famous Women?
 A. Petrarch B. Boccaccio C. Da Vinci D. Dante