Transcript Exam 1 Review - Human Anatomy

Exam 1 Review
• Arrange the following in order of complexity and
give the definitions
• Cells
• Organ systems and organs
• Populations
• Tissues
• Ecosystems
• Molecules
• Atoms
• Communities
• Organelles
• biosphere
• Biosphere-includes all life and all the places
where life exists on earth
• Ecosystem-all living organisms in a particular
area and all of the nonliving components of the
environment in which life interacts like air and
soil
• Communities-all organisms in a particular place
like a tidepool or desert
• Population-all of the numbers in a particular
species within a community ie: human, dogs,
insects etc.
Name the 7 Properties of Life
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Properties of Life
• How do you know a living thing from a
non-living thing?
– Order
– Regulation (homeostasis)
– Growth and development
– Energy processing
– Response to environment (homeostasis)
– Reproduction
– evolution
What are the 3 Domains of Life?
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What are the 3 Domains of Life?
• 1 Bacteria
• 2 Archaea
• 3 Eukarya
Taxonomy
• Naming and classifying of species (for
records)
What are the 4 Kingdoms of
Eukaryotes
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What are the 4 Kingdoms of
Eukaryotes
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1 Plantae
2 Fungi
3 Anamalia
4 Protists (multiple kingdoms)
What is Evolution?
What is Evolution?
• Over time, genes change according to the
environment and express features which
will give an advantage or disadvantage to
an organism. Those individuals who
survive carry the best genes for that
particular niche in which it lives.
What is the Scientific Method?
What is the Scientific Method?
• A scientific study is different from a non-scientific study.
• Science is based on observation and measurement as well as
repeatability (as opposed to for example, psychic ability)
• Scientists seek natural causes for natural phenomena
• This distinguishes science from faith
• The steps of the Scientific Method are:
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Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Data collection
Publish for review
Describe the structure of ALL
atoms
Describe the structure of ALL
atoms
• All atoms have a nucleus
• All atoms have electrons orbiting the
nucleus
• The nucleus contains neutral neutrons,
positively charged protons
• Hydrogen has no neutron
• The first shell holds 2 electrons
• The second and third shells contain 8
electrons
C=6, O=8, N=7, Cl=17, K=19 , H=1, He=2, P=15, Fe=26
Protons Neutrons
Electrons
(outer shell)
O
C
N
Cl
K
H
He
P
Fe
Covalent Ionic
Hydrogen None
Describe Ionic, Covalent and
Hydrogen Bonds
Describe Ionic, Covalent and
Hydrogen Bonds
• Ionic bonds occur when two atoms, one
with a single electron in the outer shell
exists and the other has 7 electrons. The
atom with the single electron will donate it
to the atom with 7, completing it’s shell.
• Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons
• Hydrogen bonds exist between water
molecules
What are the properties of Water?
What are the properties of Water?
• Polarity
– Cohesive properties
– Ability to moderate temperature
– Ice floats – molecules are farther apart,
capturing air which is lighter than water
– Water is the solvent of life
What are Acids and Bases?
• In an aqueous solution, some water
molecules break into H+ and OH- ions. A
balance of these is critical for the proper
functioning of chemical processes.
• A compound which releases H+ ions is an
acid, a compound which accepts H+ ions
is a base.
• The pH scale determines how many H+ or
OH- ions exist in a solution
What is an organic Compound?
What is an organic Compound?
• A compound which has Carbon and
hydrogen bonded
What are the four classes of
molecules of life?
What are the four classes of
molecules of life?
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Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Some Simple
Sugars
Glucose usually comes in the form
of a “ring”
These are also called monomers. A
monomer is a molecule that can be
bonded to other identical molecules
to form a polymer
MACROMOLECULES - Monomers link together to form
polymers
Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers
together
Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into
smaller units
Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room
temperature;(meat, poultry skin, high-fat dairy, and eggs )
Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at
room temperature (vegetable oils) Heart Healthy
Fatty acid
glycerol
The general structure of an α-amino acid, with
the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on
the right
One carbon chain, single bonds; 2 functional groups
3. Proteins
Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide
bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides
Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building
blocks for living tissue
Support | Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion
Proteins have four shapes
1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide
chain
2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns
(alpha helix or pleated sheet)
3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous)
4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or
subunits
Why would non organic life which is highly disorganized,
evolve into a highly organized living system?
• 3.5 billion years ago!
• First cells: Prokaryotic – bacteria and archaea – very
simple with no organelles
• 1/10th the size of a prokaryotic cell
• 2.1 billion years ago a prokaryotic cell (probably)
evolved into a eukaryotic cell
• Eukaryotic cells have discrete organelles
• Eukaryotic cells include plant and animal cells
Figure 4.6b
Other Organelles
-- Peroxisomes – result in
hydrogen peroxide, broken
down by catalase
-- Vacuole -- mainly storage
or specific functions
(contractile vacuole)
-- Plant cells have a
CENTRAL VACUOLE - used
for storage and help to
maintain hydrostatic pressure
Eukaryotes – plant and animal cells
Prokaryote
Energy = the ability to do work
Kinetic Energy (energy of motion)
Potential Energy (stored energy)
First Law of Thermodynamics - the law of conservation of energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics - energy cannot be changed without a loss
of usable energy (heat)
Exergonic and Endergonic
Reactions in Metabolism
• An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net
release of free energy and is spontaneous
• An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy
from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous
ATP - the energy
currency of cells
(adenosine
triphosphate)
Functions:
1. CHEMICAL WORK Supplies energy needed to
make macromolecules that
make up the cell (and
organism)
2. TRANSPORT WORK Supplies energy needed to
pump substances across the
cell membrane
3. MECHANICAL WORK supplies energy needed to
make muscles contract and
other cellular parts to move
(flagella)
ATP VIDEO
Movement through Plasma
Membrane
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What are the passive modalities?
What are the active modalities?
What is the difference?
What is tonicity?
Movement through Plasma
Membrane
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What are the passive modalities?
Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
What are the active modalities?
Active Transport, exocytosis, endocytosis
What is the difference?
Active requires energy
What is Tonicity? The relative concentration of
solution compared to another compartment.
• Hyper, hypo, iso
Metabolic Pathways & Enzymes (6-3)
Enzyme - protein molecule that functions as an organic
catalyst to speed reactions
Substrate - reactants in the enzymatic reaction, this is what
an enzyme attaches to
Energy of Activation - the energy required to cause the
reaction
Properties of Enzymes:
• Enzymes are made of
proteins.
• They speed up
chemical reactions
inside the cytoplasm.
• They are needed only
in small amounts
• They remain
unchanged after each
reaction and can
therefore be reused
• Each enzyme is
specific for a substrate
Enzyme Animation (Tutorial)
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/enzym
es/prox-orien.swf
Enzyme Quiz
http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U2Enzymes.h
tm