Transcript Released Test A

Released Test I
Biology
Explanation for answers
1
Question 1
• B
• You must know the tests for lipids and
starches
• Starch: iodine goes from brown to black
• Fats (lipids): brown paper goes from
brown to clear (fat stain)
2
Question 2
• D
• Osmosis: movement of water from high
concentration to low concentration
• More water in gums than in mouth – water
leaves gums and gums are less swollen
3
Question 3
• B
• You must be able to pick out the nucleus,
mitochondria, and ribosome and tell the
function of each
• Nucleus: genetic material stored here
• Mitochondria: energy produced here
• Ribosome: proteins created here
• Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts
4
Question 4
• D
• Aerobic respiration is when there is oxygen
present – creates 38 ATP
• All animals and plants will undergo aerobic
respiration
• Yeast cells will undergo anaerobic (no oxygen)
respiration or fermentation and produce alcohol,
only 2 ATP produced
• Animal cells will undergo lactic acid fermentation
without oxygen, only 2 ATP produced
5
Question 5
• A
• Cells in plants that undergo rapid mitosis
include the root tips and the apical
meristem – top of plant
6
Question 6
• D
• Homologous structures are structures that
have similar functions and arise from
common ancestor: arm bones of bats,
whales, frogs and humans
• Analogous structures are structures that
have similar functions but arose from
uncommon ancestors: wings of bat and
butterfly
7
Question 7
• C
• Be able to read the mRNA table
• You will be required to form proteins
(amino acids) from a sequence of DNA
• Remember in DNA: A-T and C-G
• Remember in RNA: A-U and C-G
• Transcription: DNA to RNA
• Translation: RNA to protein
8
Question 8
• D
• Blood typing
• AB blood type can
only give an A or a B
allele
• O blood type can only
give an O and it is
recessive to A or to B
• Homozygous A blood
type can only give an
A allele
• Heterozygous A blood
type can give an A or
an O allele.
• Homozygous B blood
type can only give a B
allele
• Heterozygous B blood
type can give a B or
an O allele.
• Do a punnet square!
9
Question 9
• B
• What you are looking at is gel
electrophoresis, a method to separate
DNA
• This same question can be used to
determine who the bad guy is!
• Compare bands
10
Question 10
• A
• Know Mendel’s law of independent
assortment and law of segregation
11
12
Question 11
• A
• The key to this problem is reading the
problem closely
• One of the parents has PKU which is
recessive, not sex-linked, pp
• The other parent does not have the
disease, PP
• The children would be carriers only
13
Question 12
•
•
•
•
C
Radiation can cause cancer
Malaria is caused by a parasite
Asthma is either a hereditary disease or
caused by the environment
• Polio is a disease caused by a virus
14
15
Question 13
• D
• Humans are used as the vector when the
sporozoites (1n) combine to form 2n
spores.
• The spores are then sucked up by another
mosquito and then they undergo meiosis
to form the 1n stage.
• Cycle repeats itself
16
Question 14
• A
• Gymnosperms produce seeds, cones and
have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers
and have vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem) (An easy way to remember is the
name Angio… sounds like Angie and girls
like flowers!)
17
• C
Question 15
• Habituation repeated exposure to
a stimulus leads to
decreased
responding
• Imprinting - learning
occurring at a
particular age or a
particular life stage,
rapid, duck babies will
follow any animal that
moves after they are
born
• Conditioning - occurs
through associations
between an
environmental
stimulus and a
naturally occurring
stimulus. (Pavlov’s
dogs)
• Trial and error general method of
problem solving,
fixing things, or for
obtaining knowledge
18
Question 16
• C
• Xylem: vascular tissue that transports
water and nutrients from the roots to the
rest of the plant
• Phloem: vascular tissue that transports
sugars from the leaves to the rest of the
plant
19
Question 17
• B
• If plants are grown in an area with limited
sunlight such as in the tropical rainforest,
the plants would adapt by producing large
leaves
• If plants are grown in areas with limited
water, the plants adapt by either creating
water storage areas or by having
extremely long roots.
20
Question 18
• D
• When looking at food webs, the arrows
show where food comes from and where it
goes.
• In this example, crickets feed frogs and
mice feed snakes and the hawk
• Cricket
Frog
21
Question 19
• B
• Symbiotic relationships
– Mutualism: both animals benefit; cleaner fish
and sharks
– Commensalism: one animal benefits and one
is neither helped nor harmed; cow birds
eating the bugs that cows stir up
– Parasitism: one animal is hurt and one animal
benefits: ticks and dogs
22
Question 20
• A
• Ozone layer is destroyed by
chlorofluorocarbons
• When the ozone layer is destroyed, more
UV rays enter our atmosphere and will
cause more cancer
23
Question 21
• C
• Organic compounds
• Lipids: glycerol backbone, three fatty acids; part of
cell membrane
• Carbohydrate: 1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1
oxygen; sugars – glucose; cellulose in cell walls,
glycogen – sugar storage in animals, starch sugar storage in plants
• Nucleic acids: N, O, C, P; DNA and RNA
• Amino acids: N, O, C, P, S: proteins
24
Question 22
• C
• Ribosomes create proteins, so if
ribosomes are destroyed – there will be no
more protein production
• Mitochondria creates energy – cellular
respiration
• Chloroplasts – found in plants photosynthesis
25
Cellular respiration and
photosynthesis
26
Photosynthesis
27
Cellular Respiration
28
Question 23
• D
• Osmosis is movement of water only
• Water will move from high concentration to
low concentration
29
Question 24
• A
• Enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme
does not go away
• The substrate will change
30
Question 25
• B
• When any cell produces Carbon dioxide
and water, the cell is undergoing cellular
respiration and is aerobic
• When any cell produces ethyl alcohol and
Carbon dioxide, the cell is undergoing
fermentation and is anaerobic
• When any cell produces Oxygen and
Glucose, the cell is undergoing
photosynthesis
31
Question 26
• B
• When a homozygous recessive is crossed
with a heterozygote, the outcome is
always 1:1 or 50% to 50%
32
Question 27
• A
• Sexual reproduction has an advantage
over asexual reproduction due to the
increased variation
• Asexual reproduction does not add any
variation to the organisms
33
Question 28
• A
• Be able to create amino acids from DNA
• Be able to determine if any changes will
occur if any part of the DNA is changed
34
Question 29
• C
• Genetically engineered bacteria is used to
create insulin as well as other substances
for humans and animals
35
Question 30
• B
• The first organisms on earth were
prokaryotic and anaerobic
• Eukaryotic organisms arose from
prokaryotic organisms
• Aerobic organisms only developed after
oxygen was found in the atmosphere
• Oxygen was created by photosynthetic
organisms
36
Question 31
• D
• When looking at pedigrees, know the
following
• Affected female: XhXh
• Affected male: XhY
• Normal male: XHY
• Normal female: XHXH
• Carrier female: XHXh
37
Pedigree
• In order for persons 1 and 2 to have an
affected male (6) the mom (2) had to be a
carrier
• 7 and 8 are also carriers
• Do punnet squares to check
38
Question 32
• A
• Learned behavior must be learned! What
a concept!!
• Usually animals will learn from their moms
• Not to be confused with instinct – these
behaviors are inborn such as building a
nest
39
Question 33
• D
• Animals that absorb oxygen through the
skin and/or release waste through the skin
need to have a large surface area in order
to absorb as much oxygen as needed
40
Question 34
• B
• Mammals have internal fertilization and internal
development
• Amphibians (for example, frogs) have external
fertilization and external development
• Birds have internal fertilization and external
development (eggs)
41
Question 35
• D
• The original classification included just
plants and animals
• Now we have 6 kingdoms:
42
6 kingdoms
43
Question 36
• C
• B-cells produce antibodies
• T-cells are the first line of defense – white
blood cells
• When you are exposed to an antigen, (bad
thing) your body will produce antibodies so
if you are exposed to the same antigen,
you will not get sick
44
Question 37
• B
• The main function of leaves is to absorb
light to produce glucose and oxygen in
photosynthesis
45
Question 38
• A
• When looking at a ecological pyramid, the
producers (plants) are always on the
bottom
• Herbivores eat the producers
• Carnivores eat the herbivores
• Only 10% of energy is moved from level to
level, 90% is lost
• If the producers increase in an ecosystem,
it is most likely because the herbivores
have gone away!
46
Question 39
• D
• You need to know that acids range from 0
– 6.9 on the pH scale.
• You need to know that bases range from
7.1 to 14 on the pH scale.
• You need to know that 7 is neutral on the
pH scale
47
Question 40
• C
• See the next few slides
• Exponential growth: when there is no lack
of resources – humans have this type of
growth pattern
• Carrying capacity: when there is a lack of
resources – the organisms will continue to
grow until the resources are gone. Some
animals will die and finally the resources
are enough for all animals.
48
Exponential growth
49
Carrying capacity graph
50
Question 41
• D
• Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and
are the organelle that undergo
photosynthesis
51
Question 42
• A
• When enzymes are added to a reaction,
the reaction rate will increase
52
Question 43
• B
• When the body is stable, it is known as
being in homeostasis
• The body maintains homeostasis by the
process of hormones and enzymes.
53
Question 44
• C
• Building blocks of nucleic acids:
– Sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous
base
• Building blocks of proteins:
– Amino acids
54
Question 45
• D
• See slides 26 -28
55
Question 46
•
•
•
•
C
See slide 32
AA or Aa is white
aa is dark
56
Question 47
• A
• When insecticides are sprayed on bugs
and some bugs survive, the bugs that
survive will pass these traits on
• This is known as resistance, one reason
why we have to keep changing stuff to kill
bugs with
57
Question 48
• D
• Natural selection will enable species to
pass on the best traits and therefore make
the species better
58
Question 49
• D
• Environmental conditions can greatly
influence how the plant or animal looks
like
• Hydrangeas can either be pink or blue
depending on the pH of the soil
59
Question 50
•
•
•
•
B
Diploid – 2n – result of mitosis
Haploid – 1n – result of meiosis
If a plant or animal is cloned, the
chromosome number will remain the
same, 2n.
60
Question 51
• D
• See slide 12
• For two pairs of homologous
chromosomes (S s T t) the following
gametes could be produced
• ST, sT, St, st
61
Question 52
• C
• Social behavior is seen in animals who live
in hives such as bees
• Territorial behavior is seen in animals who
are protecting their area such as dogs
• Courtship behavior is seen in animals who
are trying to win a mate such as birds
62
Question 53
• A
• Asexual reproduction occurs when
animals divide such as amoeba
• Sexual reproduction is seen when bees
transfer pollen from flower to flower; fish
fertilizing eggs
63
Question 54
• C
• Karyotyping can
actually show the
chromosomes
64
Question 55
• C
65
Question 56
• C
• Only plants and protists can undergo
photosynthesis
• Fungi are heterotrophic
• Animals are heterotrophic
66
Question 57
• A
• Ecological levels of organization from low
to high
• Organism – population – community ecosystem
67
Question 58
• B
• See slides 48 and 49
68
Question 59
• B
• See slide 22
69
Question 60
• B
• If decomposers are removed from the
environment, some of the carbon dioxide
will not go back into the atmosphere
• Also, lots of nutrients will also not go back
into the environment
70