Transcript 2015 Midterm Assessment power point

Biology Semester Exam
Review
Scientific Method
Steps of Sci Method:
Observation - Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Record Data (# or details)
Analyze and Form Conclusions
Replicate Work
Variables
Controlled Experiment:
Two groups differ by one factor;
control is present
Control vs Experimental Group:
Experimental group has something
changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)
Variables
Independent Variables:
Changed by scientist to see what
happens
Dependent Variable: Changes in
response to the change the scientist
makes to the independent variable.
Seven characteristics of living
things
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Respond to stimuli
Limited life span
Maintains homeostasis
Made up of one or more cells
Reproduces
Growth and development
Contains hereditary information
Chemistry
Covalent Bonds
Bond formed by sharing
electrons
Ionic Bond
Bond that forms by transferring
the electrons; can create an
electrical attraction
Elements, Compound, Mixture
Elements: substance made up of one kind of
atom (i.e. oxygen)
Compound: made up of two or more
elements (i.e. water), chemically bonded
Mixture: substances that are mixed without
forming a new chemical bond (i.e.
saltwater)
2H2O + O22H2O2
Atoms= hydrogen, oxygen
Reactants: 2H2O + O2
Products: 2H2O2
pH Scale
 pH
runs from 1-14
 7 is neutral
 Below 7 acidic (with 1 being
more acidic)
 Above 7 basic with 14 being
most basic
pH Scale
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The pH scale measures the amount of
hydrogen ions in a solution. pH stands for
powers of hydrogen.
Neutralization Reaction
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Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are
combined to form water and salt
EX: NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Solution & Its Parts
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Substances are spread evenly throughout the
mixture
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EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2
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Two parts:
a.
b.
Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in
Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solvent
Biochemistry
Organic Compounds
 Compounds
that contain carbon
and occur naturally only in the
bodies and products of an
organism
Monomers
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Carbs: sugar (monosaccharide)
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic Acid: nucleotide
Parts of a lipid
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3 fatty acids and glycerol
Classify:
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A. carb
B. carb
C. Lipids
D. Lipids
E. Lipids
F. Nucleic Acids
G. Nucleic Acids
H. Proteins
I-K. Carb
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Disaccaharide:
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2 sugars (maltose)
Polypeptide:
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2+ amino acids
connected by peptide
bonds
Polar vs. Nonpolar
 Water
is polar
 Polar molecule: a molecule
that has a partial positive and
partial negative charge
 Only polar substances will
dissolve in water; non polar
will not.
Enzymes
Proteins that are necessary for life
It is a catalyst, which causes a
reaction to occur
Affected by: pH, temperature
Active site: Area where substrate
binds
Cell Theory
 1.
All living things are
composed of one or more cells
 2. Cells are organisms’ basic
units of structure and function
 3. Cells come only from
existing cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
 Prokaryotes:
Lack any internal
membrane bound structures
(most organelles) and nucleus
 Ex: bacteria
 Eukaryotes: have nucleus;
plants & animals
Fluid Mosaic Model
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Fluid because:
the phospholipid and protein molecules
are able to move around not stuck in one
place and
Mosaic because:
The membrane contains a variety of
proteins embedded within the
phospholipid.
Phospholipid Bilayer
Permeable
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Permeable membrane – allows everything
to pass through
(selectively)Semi-permeable – only allows
some things to pass through
Impermeable – does not allow anything to
pass
Organization
Cells to tissue
Tissue to organs
Organs to organ system
Organ system to organism
Active vs. Passive
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Active
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Energy Required
Moves from low
concentration to high
concentration
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Passive
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No energy required
Moves from high
concentration to low
concentration
Diffusion
 Movement
of molecules from
an area of high concentration
to an area of lower
concentration
 Passive
Transport
Diffusion
Concentration Gradient
 Occurs
when there is a
difference between high and
low concentration
Osmosis
 Diffusion
of water across a
selectively permeable
membrane from region of
high water concentration to a
region of low water
concentration
 Passive
Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis
Plasmolysis: shrinking of
cytoplasm (result of hypertonic
solution)
Cytolysis: cell explodes due to
hypotonic solution
Endocytosis
 Transporting
material into cell by
vesicle
EX:
 Pinocytosis: small liquids are
taken into cell by vesicle
 Phagocytosis: solid particles
ingested into cell by vesicles
Exocytosis
 Transporting
material out of
cell by vesicle
Type of
Solution
Where is
there more
solute
Where is
there more
solvent
(water)
What
direction
does water
move
What
happens to
the cell
Hypotonic
Inside cell
Outside cell
Inside
Cytolysis
(explode)
Hypertonic
Outside cell
Inside cell
Outside
Plasmolysis
(shrink)
Isotonic
Equal
Equal
Constant
Nothing
Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1.
What is photosynthesis?
The process of capturing energy of
sunlight and transforming it into
chemical energy.
a.Where in the cell does it take place?
Chloroplast
The overall chemical reaction involved in
photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy  C6H12O6+ 6O2.
 In simple terms, we can say it the following way
Carbon Dioxide + Water + sun energy 
Glucose + Oxygen
Reactants:
Carbon dioxide, water, energy
Products:
Glucose, oxygen
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2. What is the difference between
autotrophs and heterotrophs?
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Autotrophs:
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Organisms that make their own food
EX: green plants, algae
Heterotrophs:
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Organisms that cannot make their own food
and must depend on other plants or animals
as food source
3. What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Where in the cell does it take place?
 Aerobic
 Occurs
Respiration:
in presence of oxygen
 Occurs in the mitochondria
 Yields about 36 ATP
4. How is aerobic respiration different
from anaerobic cellular respiration?
 Anaerobic
 Occurs
Respiration:
without oxygen
 Occurs in the cytoplasm
 Yields 2 ATP
5. What is another name for anaerobic
respiration?
 Fermentation
 Lactic
acid fermentation
 Alcoholic Fermentation