Transcript Viviennea

EVOLUTION OF WING PATTERN AND MIMICRY IN
NEOTROPICAL TIGER MOTHS
Figure 1. Viviennea dolens. Greg Setliff.
Figure 4. Viviennea flavicincta. Greg Setliff.
Crystal Boyd (Dr. Susan J. Weller)
Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
INTRODUCTION
The brightly colored tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
comprise a large family with a world-wide distribution. In 1975,
Allan Watson revised the large genus Automolis Hübner. His
phenetic (overall similarity) approach created 11 new genera
and moved the remaining species to one of 24 additional
genera. The lack of phylogenetic support renders his
reconfiguration uncertain since the monophyly of some genera
is questionable.
The evolution of wing pattern is unclear among Automolis, and
varies within the genus Viviennea Watson. Some species
have spotted wings and some species have transversely
banded wings, with the bands being parallel or orthogonal
(Fig. 2).
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
•Two equally parsimonious trees were recovered (MPT, Fig.
3). Outgroup jackknifing did not affect tree topology and the
ingroup, Viviennea, was always recovered as monophyletic.
•Two characters support Viviennea’s monophyly and justify its
separation from Ormetica contraria, Ormetica rosenbergi, and
Ormetica metallica.
•Wing patterns were conserved. Each clade of Viviennea
contained its unique pattern: parallel transverse bands, spots,
and orthogonal transverse bands (Fig. 3).
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2
2
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The first hypothesis is that the transversely banded wing
pattern arose once and is shared by all descendents. The
alternative hypothesis is that the transversely banded wing
pattern arose multiple times.
•V. flavicincta and V. dolens are conspecific based on male
genitalia. They differ in wing and thoracic coloration (Figs. 1,
4). The distribution of these morphs overlaps in Brazil (ref 7).
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Parallel Transverse Bands
Spots
Orthogonal Transverse Bands
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#s
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Bremer Support
•Include characters from female genitalia
Figure 3. Strict Consensus. Strict Consensus of 2 MPT. Tree length = 67, Consistency Index = .731, Retention Index = .839. Crystal Boyd.
•Include characters from head, thorax, abdomen, and wing
venation of both genders
METHODS
Parallel
Transverse
Bands
Spots
Orthogonal
Transverse
Bands
Figure 2. Wing pattern variation. Left to Right: Viviennea moma, Viviennea superba, and Viviennea
griseonitens, respectively showing parallel transverse bands, bands reduced to spots, and orthogonal
transverse bands. Crystal Boyd.
OBJECTIVES
• Define characters that support splitting the genus Automolis into
smaller genera, such as Viviennea
• Clarify species relationships within Viviennea
•Test hypotheses of wing pattern evolution
I dissected and examined the morphology of one male for
each species available (9 of 12 described) (ref. 1). Three
species of Ormetica were used as outgroups. A total of 12
species were included in the analysis.
Using an Olympus dissecting microscope, wing venation and
structures of the head, thorax, legs, abdominal sclerites, and
genitalia were examined. Dissections were recorded in a
dissection notebook and databased in XCEL.
Diagnostic characters were illustrated using camera lucida
sketches. These sketches were scanned and inked in Adobe
Illustrator for MacOS10 (Fig. 5) (ref. 2).
Thirty-four characters were described (83 states) and scored
in MacClade. Of the 34 characters, 21 were binary and 13
were multi-state. These were treated as unordered (nonadditive). The matrix was analyzed using maximum
parsimony with the computer program PAUP (refs. 3, 4).
Bremer support (decay indices) were calculated (ref. 5).
Outgroup jackknifing (ref. 6) was performed.
A
B
Figure 5. Phallus. A- Viviennea superba. B- Spiked projection, speckled vesica of Viviennea zonana.
Crystal Boyd.
REFERENCES
1. Winter Jr., W.D. 2000. Basic techniques for observing and studying moths and butterflies. Memoirs of the Lepidopterists’ Society No. 5. 444 pages.
2. Larson, P., M. DaCosta, J. Donahue, & S. Weller. in prep. Phylogeny of the Milkweed tussocks and related tiger moth genera (Arctiidae: Arctiinae: Phaegopterini).
3. Maddison, W.P. & D.R. Maddison. 2000. MacClade: version 4.0 PPC. Sinauer,
Sunderland.
4. Swofford, D. 2000. PAUP*-Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version (Version 4.0) Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
5. Bremer, K. 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 759-803.
6. Weller, S. and and M. DaCosta.
7. Watson, A. 1975. A reclassification of the Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae formerly placed in the Thyretid genus Automolis Hubner (lepidoptera). Bulleting of the British Museum
(Natural History) Entomology Supplement 25: 1-104.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Susan Weller, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
Michelle DaCosta, Ralph Holzenthal , and Phil Clausen
Carrie Olson
Larren and Carro Boyd
Collections: University of Minnesota-St. Paul
Grant Support: Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cites, National Science Foundation