Transcript Chapter 15 Lessons from the Past, Lessons for the Future.

Chapter 17
Legacies of
Human Evolutionary History
Chapter Outline
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Evolution of Human Behavior and the Life
Course
Biocultural Evolution and the Life Cycle
Human Impact on the Planet and Other
Life-Forms
Is There Any Good News?
Are We Still Evolving?
Behavioral Ecology
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When these G/wi hunters plan their hunting
strategy, they consider many factors in addition
to calories expended and acquired.
Behavior Patterns
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A mother with her twins. The one on the left is a boy
and is breast-fed. The girl, on the right, is bottle-fed.
This illustrates differential treatment of boys and girls
and the potential negative effects of bottle-feeding.
Question
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Behavioral ecologists would say that our
behaviors reflect our evolutionary history.
Which of the following is NOT one of the
variables that contribute to human behaviors?
a) Gene combinations.
b) All of these contribute to human
behaviors.
c) Individual experiences.
d) Environment.
Answer: b
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Behavioral ecologists would say that our
behaviors reflect our evolutionary history.
All of the following contribute to human
behaviors:
Gene combinations.
Individual experiences.
Environment.
Life Cycle Stages for Various
Animal Species
The Human Life Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prenatal begins with conception and
ends with birth.
Infancy is when the baby nurses.
Childhood is from weaning to puberty.
Adolescence is from puberty to the end
of growth.
Adulthood is the completion of growth.
Diameter of Birth Canal and Head
Length and Breadth of Newborns
Question
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Humans have a life cycle phase that
other primates don't have. It is:
a) infancy.
b) adolescence.
c) childhood.
d) menopause.
Answer: d
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Humans have a life cycle phase that other
primates don't have. It is menopause.
Growth and Development
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Growth refers to an increase in mass or
number of cells.
Development refers to differentiation of
cells into different types of tissues.
Nutritional Requirements for
Growth
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Nutrients needed for growth, development, and
body maintenance include: proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
The amount we need of these nutrients
coevolved with foods available to humans
throughout evolutionary history.
The specific pattern of amino acids required in
human nutrition reflects an ancestral diet high in
animal protein.
Preagricultural, Contemporary, and
Recently Recommended Diet
Preagricultural
Diet
Contemporary
Diet
Recently
Recommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Protein
33
12
12
Carbohydrate
46
46
58
Fat
21
42
30
Alcohol
~0
(7–10)
—
Cholesterol
(mg)
520
300–500
300
Preagricultural, Contemporary, and
Recently Recommended Diet
Preagricultural
Diet
Contemporary
Diet
Recently
Recommended
100–150
19.7
30–60
Sodium (mg)
690
2,300–6,900
1,000–3,300
Calcium (mg)
1,500–2,000
740
Ascorbic acid
(mg)
440
90
Total dietary energy (%)
Fiber (g)
800–1,500
60
Food
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Some people suffer from an overabundance of
food (left), while others suffer from tragically
insufficient amounts of food.
The Secular Trend in Age at
Menarche in Europe
Maximal Life Spans for
Selected Species
Organism
Lifespan
Bristlecone pine
5,000
Tortoise
170
Rockfish
140
Human
120
Blue whale
80
Maximal Life Spans for
Selected Species
Organism
Lifespan
Indian elephant
70
Gorilla
39
Domestic dog
34
Rabbit
13
Rat
5
Telomeres
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Telomeres are repeated
sequences of DNA at the
ends of chromosomes,
and the sequences
appear to be the same in
all animals.
They stabilize and
protect the ends of
chromosomes, as they
shorten with each cell
division, chromosomes
eventually become
unstable.
Changes in Life Expectancy Due to
AIDS in Seven African Nations
Millennium Development
Goals
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In 2000, heads of state from almost 150
countries agreed to support goals that help
reduce human misery throughout the world.
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equity and empower
women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
Millennium Development Goals
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Improve maternal health.
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
diseases.
Ensure environmental sustainability.
Build a global partnership for development.
Growth in Protected Areas