Transcript Chapter 13

Chapter 13
The Anthropological Perspective on
the Human Life Course
Chapter Outline
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Fundamentals of Growth and Development
Nutritional Effects on Growth and Development
Other Factors Influencing Growth and
Development
The Human Life Cycle
Individuals, Society, and Evolution
Are We Still Evolving?
Growth and Development
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Growth refers to an increase in mass or
number of cells.
Development refers to differentiation of
cells into different types of tissues.
Nutritional Requirements for
Growth
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Nutrients needed for growth, development, and
body maintenance include: proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
The amount we need of these nutrients
coevolved with foods available to humans
throughout evolutionary history.
The specific pattern of amino acids required in
human nutrition reflects an ancestral diet high in
animal protein.
Distance and Velocity Curves of Growth
in Height For a Healthy American Girl
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The distance curve shows the height attained in
a given year.
Distance and Velocity Curves of Growth
in Height For a Healthy American Girl
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The velocity curve plots the amount gained in a
given year.
Preagricultural, Contemporary, and
Recently Recommended Diet
Preagricultural
Diet
Contemporary
Recently
Diet
Recommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Protein
33
12
12
Carbohydrate
46
46
58
Fat
21
42
30
Alcohol
~0
(7–10)
—
Cholesterol (mg)
520
300–500
300
Preagricultural, Contemporary, and
Recently Recommended Diet
Preagricultural Contemporary
Diet
Diet
Recently
Recommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Fiber (g)
100–150
19.7
30–60
Sodium (mg)
690
2,300–6,900
1,000–3,300
Calcium (mg)
1,500–2,000
740
800–1,500
Ascorbic acid
(mg)
440
90
60
Factors Influencing
Growth and Development
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Genetics
 Environmental factors can influence growth
and development, but an individual can not
exceed their genetic potential.
Hormones
 Thyroxine regulates metabolism and aids in
body heat production. Growth hormone has
an impact on almost every cell in the body.
Environmental Factors
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Environmental factors, such as altitude and
climate, effect on growth and development.
In Colorado, birth weight declined 3.6 ounces
per 3,300 feet of elevation gain, even when
gestational age, maternal weight gain, smoking,
and prenatal care were considered.
Infectious diseases have their greatest impact
during childhood and can delay growth,
particularly when coupled with malnutrition.
The Human Life Cycle
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Prenatal begins with conception and
ends with birth.
Infancy is when the baby nurses.
Childhood is from weaning to puberty.
Adolescence is from puberty to the end
of growth.
Adulthood is the completion of growth.
Life Cycle Stages
for Various Animal Species
Diameter of Birth Canal and Head
Length and Breadth of Newborns
Providing for Juveniles
Lion
Baboon
Macaque
Chimpanzee
Human Populations
!Kung
Yanomamo
Paleoindian
Percent Who Survive
Weaning
Adolescence
28
15
45
33
42
13
48
38
80
73
86
58
50
50
The Secular Trend in Age at
Menarche in Europe
Life Spans
Organism
Bristlecone pine
Tortoise
Human
Blue whale
Indian elephant
Gorilla
Domestic dog
Rabbit
Rat
Approximate Maximum
Life Span (in years)
5,000
170
120
80
70
39
34
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Changes in Life Expectancy Due to
AIDS in Seven African Nations
Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT correct
regarding the pre-agricultural human
diet? It was high in
a) protein.
b) complex carbohydrates.
c) fat.
d) fiber.
Answer: c
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Which of the following is NOT correct
regarding the pre-agricultural human
diet? It was high in fat.
2. Why are essential amino acids called
"essential"?
a) These are the only proteins that the
human body produces.
b) They must be produced when we are
infants.
c) They must be obtained from the diet.
d) They cannot be absorbed in the gut.
Answer: c
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Essential amino acids are called
"essential” because they must be
obtained from the diet.
3. Studies show that children at high
elevations are shorter than those at low
elevations.
 True
 False
Answer: True
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Studies show that children at high
elevations are shorter than those at low
elevations.
4. Virtually all animals have clearly
demarcated phases in their lives.
 True
 False
Answer: false
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It’s false that virtually all animals have
clearly demarcated phases in their lives.
5. One of the primary ways that genes have
an effect on growth and development is
through their effects on
a) blood.
b) hormones.
c) bone growth.
d) organ development.
Answer : b
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One of the primary ways that genes
have an effect on growth and
development is through their effects on
hormones.