Transcript sugar
Living Environment, Mr. Graham Periodic Table of Elements What are living things made of? Living things are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecules which are built by joining smaller molecules together. The smaller molecules are called monomers, which join together to form polymers. Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules Organic – Contains both C and H Examples: Carbohydrates (Sugars) Lipids (Fats) Proteins Nucleic Acid (RNA, DNA) Inorganic – Doesn’t contain both C and H Examples: Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Salts (i.e. NaCl) Minerals Four Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids (Fats) Proteins Nucleic Acid Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers Making and Breaking of POLYMERS Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up) Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal of water molecule Longer polymer Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – suga Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer How to take large molecules apart Hydrolysis (Digestion) taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP Making and Breaking of POLYMERS Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split) Addition of water molecule Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP starch ATP ATP ATP glucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose Carbohydrates – breads, pastas, and potatoes. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. There are three main types of carbohydrates. Monosaccharide - glucose Disaccharides - sucrose Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Building carbohydrates 1 sugar = Synthesis monosaccharide | glucose | glucose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates starch energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals in liver & muscles poly = many cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Proteins – meats such as steak, and chicken. Proteins have many different functions. The monomer that builds proteins is called an amino acid. Enzymes – catalyze chemical reactions. Antibodies (immune system) – protect the body from pathogens. Hormones – chemical messengers. Receptor Molecules – cellular communication For proteins: matters! Proteins fold & twistSHAPE into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds PEPTIDE BOND Dehydration synthesis Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide Lipids – bacon, burgers, and pizza. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some are important parts of biological membranes (cell membranes) Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids Function: energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber! Other lipids are inmade biology Cell membranes out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water “like” water tails are on inside away from water “scared” of water forms a barrier between the cell & the outside 2003-2004 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information. Nucleotides are the monomer of nucleic acids. Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids sugar N base phosphate nucleotides chained into a polymer sugar N base DNA double-sided double helix A, C, G, T phosphate strong bonds sugar N base RNA phosphate single-sided A, C, G, U sugar N base phosphate RNA Indicators – a substance that changes color in the presence of a specific chemical. Lugol’s Solution (Iodine) Tests for starch Benedict’s Solution Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose) Litmus Paper Tests for Acids and Bases Bromothymol Blue Test for Carbon Dioxide Lugol’s Solution Yellow = no starch Brown/Black = starch Benedict’s Solution Blue = no glucose Brown = glucose The solution with Benedict’s solution MUST be heated for 3-5 minutes in order to properly conduct this test. Negative Test Positive Test Bromothymol Blue Blue = basic (> 7.6) Green = neutral (~7.0) Yellow = acidic (< 6.0)