Transcript Macromolecules Notes

4 Macromolecules of Life
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• All compounds can be
classified as organic
or inorganic.
• ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE
MADE OF MOSTLY
CARBON ATOMS!!!
Functional Groups
• These are the small
groups of non-carbon
a atoms that influence
the characteristics of
the carbon molecule
• EX- the addition of
the “Amino Group”
and a “Carboxyl” acid
group makes an
“Amino Acid”
Large Carbon Molecules
• Monomer- simple carbon molecules that build
more complex molecules. (ie- glucose)
• Polymer- complex molecule built from
monomers (ie- starch)
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
• Created by
Photosynthesis
• Made of C, H, and O
• Burned in cellular
respiration for energy
• Saccharide = Sugar
• Monosaccharide= 1
sugar ring (Glucose)
• Disaccharide = 2 sugar
rings (Sucrose)
• Polysaccharide= 3 or
more sugar rings
(Cellulose)
Monosaccharide Examples
(Simple Carbohydrates)
• Glucose- used to
power cells
• Fructose- Found in
Candy and Soda
• Galactose- Found in
dairy products
Disaccharide Examples
(Simple Carbohydrates)
• Sucrose- Table sugar
comes from sugar
cane.
• Lactose- Found in
dairy products and
mothers milk. Broken
down by the enzyme
Lactase. People who
are lactose intolerant
do not produce
enough lactase so
they get bloated and
crampy
Examples of Polysaccharides
(Complex Carbohydrates)
• Starch- Found in
potatoes, rice, corn etc.
• Cellulose- Found in the
cell walls of plants. This
can not be broken down
by animals and is called
“Dietary Fiber”
• Glycogen- this is a long
chain formed in the blood
of animals to provide slow
realease energy between
meals. Often called
“Animal Starch”
• Organic molecules
that are insoluble in
water. (oils, wax,
rubber)
• Used for energy
storage, cell
membranes and
signaling molecules
(steroids hormones)
• Most common are
triglycerides and
phospholipids
Lipids
Triglycerides
1. Made of only C, H,
and O
2. Long Term Energy
3. Made of 1 Glycerol
(3 carbon Chain)
and 3 Fatty acids
(the carboxyl group
on the end of each
one is the “acid”)
Types of Fatty Acids
• Saturated- no
carbon-carbon double
bonds
• Solid at room
Temperature
• High Concentrations
in Animal Fats
• Builds bad
Cholesterol
Types of Fatty Acids
• Unsaturated- At least
one Carbon-Carbon
Double bond.
• Liquid at room
Temperature
• Highest
concentrations in
plant oils
• Helps build good
cholesterol
Trans Fat
• HydrogenationAdding Hydrogen to
unsaturated fats to
make them act like
saturated fats
• Examples- Crisco and
Margarine
• Extra bad because
they build bad
cholesterol and
reduce good
cholesterol
Proteins-Long Chains of Amino
Acids
Amino Acids
• All Amino acids have
a central C atom with
an Amino group,
Carboxyl group, a
Hydrogen group and
an R group attached
to it.
• The difference
between Amino acids
is the length and
shape of the R group
Amino Acids
• There are 22 total
Amino acids and they
combine in long
chains to form…
• Hair, Blood, Muscle,
Skin, Bones,
Antibodies, Enzymes,
and Hormones.
• One example is
Tryptophan which is
found in Turkey,
cheese, chicken and
pork and has a
calming effect.
DNA and RNA
• Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
• Nucleotides formed
from a sugar,
phosphate group, and
a nitrogen base.
• Two long chains of
these form DNA
• Has instruction for
making proteins in all
living things.
• RNA is used in the
process of making
protins