Transcript Organic Chemistry

Organic
Chemistry
Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain carbon
• Found in all living things
Structure of Carbon
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Can form bonds with 4 other atoms =
wide variety of compounds
Hydrocarbons
• Compounds that contain only carbon
and hydrogen
• Includes:
1) Natural gas – used to heat homes
2) Gasoline – used in cars
3) Kerosene, Butane – used in portable
heaters
4) Turpentine – paint thinners
Alkanes
• Group of hydrocarbons that have only
single bonds between carbon atoms
• Called “saturated hydrocarbons”
because they contain the maximum
amount of hydrogen
Naming Alkanes
• All alkanes end in –ane
Ex. methane, ethane, propane
• Use prefix to tell how many carbon atoms
are present (up to 10)
PREFIX
Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec -
NUMBER OF ATOMS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1)Name these
2)Give the formula
Alkenes
• Hydrocarbons that contain one double
bond between carbon atoms
• Called “unsaturated hydrocarbon” because
it does not have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms
• Alkenes end in – ene
• Prefixes are the same as alkanes
1)Name these
2)Give the formula
Sprayed on
orchards
Alkynes
• Hydrocarbons that contain one triple bond
between carbon atoms
• Called “unsaturated hydrocarbon” because
it does not have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms
• All alkynes end in - yne
• Prefixes are the same as alkanes and
alkenes
1)Name these
2)Give the formula
1-Hexyne
Propyne
Ethyne
Isomers
• Two hydrocarbons with the same molecular
formula but with different structural formulas
• Have different chemical and physical properties
2-Methyl propane
Butane
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbon with a round or ring-type
structure
• Use same naming rules as regular
hydrocarbons but the prefix cyclo- is
added
Cyclopropane
Used as an
anesthetic
1)Name these
2)Give the formula
Used as a
paint remover
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
Cyclobutene
Cyclobutane
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Molecules that have alternating single and
double bonds in six-carbon ring structures
• Named because many have a pleasant
odor
• Found in aspirin, moth balls, explosives,
and plastic foam products
1)Name these
2)Give the formula
Benzene
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Substituted Hydrocarbons
•
•
Organic compounds with more than just
carbon and hydrogen
Many practical uses:
1) Freon – used in air conditioners,
refrigerators
2) Chloromethane – used in medicines
3) Toluene – used in paint, glue
4) Chlorotoluene – used in dyes, perfume
Alcohol
•
Hydrocarbon in which a hydrogen atom is
replaced with a hydroxyl group (OH)
• Formula: R-OH (R stands for the “rest” of the
molecule)
• Examples:
1) Methyl alcohol (methanol) – wood alcohol,
used as solvent for waxes, poisonous
2) Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) – alcohol made by
fermenting grain, used to make perfume, dyes,
rubber
Give the formula
methanol
Organic Acids
• Compound formed when one hydrogen of
a hydrocarbon is replaced with by a
carboxyl group
• Carboxyl group consists of 1 carbon, 2
oxygen, and 1 hydrogen
• Formula: R-COOH
• Example:
- Acetic acid (CH3COOH) –
present in vinegar
Esters
• Product of the reaction between an
organic acid and an alcohol
• Used in making perfumes and flavor of
fruits is due to esters
Chemistry of Living Things
• Organic compounds make up 1/3 of the
human body is made up of organic and
inorganic compounds
• Organic compounds include:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids
Carbohydrates
• Hydrogen and oxygen
atoms are in a 2-1
ratio
• Ex: Starches and
sugars
• Plants use
photosynthesis to
make sugars
• Provides short term
energy
Lipids
•
•
•
•
•
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Provides long-term energy
Ex: fats, oils, waxes
Animal fats = saturated lipids (bonds?)
Vegetable fats (corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil) =
unsaturated lipids (bonds?)
• Subunit =
fatty acid
Proteins
• Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen
• Most of the muscles, skin, hair, and
internal organs are made of protein
• Subunit = amino acids
• Contain an amino group (-NH2) and
a carboxyl group (-COOH)
• Different R groups create 20
different amino acids
Nucleic Acids
• Organic compounds that control the
functions of cells
• DNA contains info about how to arrange
amino acids to make proteins
• RNA controls the building of proteins