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Unit 8: The Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1650 - Italy -Renaissance spreads -Protestant Reformation -Reformation spreads -Scientific Revolution Renaissance in Italy • Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance – Interest in Roman culture • Visible remains of ancient Rome in Italy – Many trade and manufacturing city-states – Merchants led the rebirth of Roman culture • Stressed education, individual achievement & arts Florence & the Medicis • Florence produced many poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists • Medici family organized a successful chain of businesses (1400s) – Cosimo de’Medici controlled Florentine gov’t (1434) • Lorenzo “the Magnificent” was a politician & supporter of arts Time of Change • Time of rebirth after the disorder & disunity of the medieval world – New attitudes toward learning and culture • • • • • Human experience in the here and now Emphasis on individual achievement Person with talent in many fields Spirit of adventure & exploration (_____________) Humanism:_______________________________ – Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history Francesco Petrarch Golden Age • Art reflected humanist concerns – Humans & landscapes in realistic ways – Some women b/c professional artists – Architecture had columns, arches and domes • Artists: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael • Writers: Baldassare Catiglione, Niccolo Machiavelli Checking for Understanding #1 • Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? • How did attitudes of the Renaissance differ from Medieval attitudes? The Renaissance Spreads • Northern Europe recovered slowly from the Black Death & experienced Renaissance later • Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy & brought back new style of art & essays • Painters: Jan & Hubert van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel, Peter Paul Rubens Northern learning • Focused on humanities AND religious themes – Erasmus produced Greek edition of the New Testament & used vernacular (___________) – Thomas More, Utopia & an ideal society • Writers & everyday language – Rabelais, Shakespeare, Cervantes • Johann Gutenberg & printing press Checking for Understanding #2 • How was the Renaissance brought to northern Europe? • How did writing and plays change during the Renaissance? • What is the printing revolution? The Protestant Reformation • Chapter 14, Section 3 (Pg.346-350) • Read this section on 3/20/2013! Answer ALL of the questions in Section 3 Assessment. Checking for Understanding #3 • Why did Christians call for Church reform? • How is Martin Luther significant to the Protestant Reformation? • How is John Calvin significant to the Protest Reformation? Spread of the Reformation • Radical Protestant sects – Anabaptists: only adults baptized and called for separation of church & state • Influenced Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish • Split from the Catholic Church! – King Henry VIII sought annulment b/c there was not a male heir • Married to Catherine of Aragon = 1 daughter, Mary Tudor • Wanted to marry Anne Bolelyn Henry VIII vs. the Church • 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy – Henry b/c ______________ ______________ • Led to the execution of Catholics • Henry VIII appointed a new archbishop & was granted an annulment Henry’s Church • 1536-1540 English convents & monasteries closed for immorality land given to nobles & high ranking citizens = support for Anglican Church • Edward VI b/c king at 10 years old – Protestant reforms – Sister, Mary Tudor, restored England to Catholicism • English Protestants burned at the stake The Elizabethan Settlement • Elizabeth established a compromise b/t Protestant & Catholic practices – Church of England: Catholic ceremony & ritual, hierarchy of bishops and archbishops, BUT monarch was head of Anglican Church – Book of Common Prayer accepted and Latin replaced in church services • She restored peace in England Queen Elizabeth I, 1533-1603 The Catholic Reformation • Pope Paul III led reformation in 1530s-1540s – Revive moral authority & end corruption w/in papacy • Council of Trent (1545): end abuses in church, reaffirm traditional views, penalties for worldliness and corruption, established schools • The Inquisition: Church court est. during Middle Ages – Secret testimony, torture and execution used to root out heresy – Index of Forbidden Books (included Luther & Calvin) Catholic Reformation (cont.) • Society of Jesus OR Jesuits – Combat heresy & spread Catholic faith • Renewal of faith: Teresa of Avila – Created an order of nuns & then asked to reorganize convents and monasteries • 1600: Catholicism flourished, Protestantism was slowed, but still a divide Persecution • Intolerance of BOTH Catholics & Protestants – Witch hunts between 1450- 1750 • Over 10,000 men & women killed • Link b/t magic & heresy • Social outcasts often scapegoats for trouble – European Jews suffered as restrictions increased • Expelled from land, books & synagogues burned, confined to ghetto, required to wear yellow badge during travel *Religious wars through the 1600s* Checking for Understanding #4 • What types of reformation occurred in Europe? • How did these reformations affect Europe? Scientific Revolution • Greek astronomer Ptolemy taught Earth was center of universe • 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric (_______________) universe – Johannes Kepler supported findings • Galileo condemned by Church for his findingstried before the Inquisition – 1633 threatened w/ death Changes • Scientific method: step-by-step process that depended on observation & experimentation – Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes • Isaac Newton – Theory of gravity – Laws of gravity and universe = Newtonian Revolution – Calculus Advancements • Chemistry & Robert Boyle • Medicine: first complete & accurate study of human anatomy – Development of stitches – William Harvey described circulation of blood Checking for Understanding #5 • How did the Scientific Revolution change Europe? • How does this Scientific Revolution affect modern society?