Transcript Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 14:
The Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
 The
Renaissance, or rebirth, (1300-1500)
was a time of change
 Europeans
developed new ideas about the
world during this time
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
The
Renaissance
began in Italy
and spread
north into the
rest of Europe
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
 The
Renaissance was influenced by an
intellectual movement known as
“humanism”
 Humanists
studied the learning of the ancient
Greeks and Romans

They hoped that reviving ancient learning would
increase knowledge about the present
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
 Leonardo
 Painter,
da Vinci
sculptor, inventor, architect,
musician, and engineer
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
 Michelangelo
 Sculptor,
architect
engineer, poet, painter, and
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
 Raphael
 Painter
 Student
of Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
 Johann
Gutenberg
 His
printing Press caused great changes in
Europe

Such as:




More Europeans learned to read and write
Books became cheaper and easier to make
People gained knowledge about medicine, geography,
and mining
Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Northern
Europe took a long time
to recover from the Black Death
As
a result, the Renaissance did not
begin there until the 1400s
It slowly spread to Spain, France
Germany and England
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Like
Italian humanists, northern
humanists believed education was
important and studied the ancient
Greeks and Romans
However,
they also explored
religious ideas and believed that
learning should change society
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Erasmus
was a priest who wanted
to reform society and the Church
He
wrote The Praise of Folly which
used humor to expose the immoral
behavior of society, including the
abuses of clergy members
Sir
Thomas More wrote Utopia in
which defined his ideas for an
ideal society
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
 The
Northern Renaissance produced
many talented writers including:
 William

Shakespeare
-Producer of 37 plays that are still read and
performed today
 Cervantes
Master of Satire, a literary composition, in
which human folly and vice are held up to
scorn, derision, or ridicule.
 Best known for writing Don Quixote

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
 During
the Renaissance the Roman
Catholic Church faced serious problems:
 Some
members of the Church took advantage
of their positions to make themselves wealthy

Although a minority of church officials were ever
involved, complaints against these abuses formed
the basis of what became the Protestant
Reformation
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
 The
most serious of abuses committed by
Catholic clergy were the sale of
indulgences
– forgave a person for his or her
sins and allowed entrance into Heaven
 Indulgences
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

By the 1500s,
many Christians
wanted to
reform the
Church

A German
Monk, named
Martin Luther
wrote 95
arguments
against
indulgences
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
 Martin
Luther believed that Christians
could only reach heaven through faith in
God
 Because
of his radical views and outspoken
ideas, Luther was excommunicated and
declared an outlaw

Luther’s actions began what became the Protestant
Reformation

His followers set up the Lutheran Church
 They became known as Protestants
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
 John
Calvin was another important
reformer
 Like
Luther, Calvin believed that
Christians could reach heaven only
through faith and God
 Calvin also believed that people were
born sinners
 He preached Predestination, the idea
that God decided long ago who would go
to heaven
 Calvinism spread to Germany, France,
Scotland and England
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Throughout
Europe, Catholic
rulers and the Catholic Church
fought back against Protestantism
In England, King Henry VIII
originally supported the Church
However,
when the Pope refused to
annul, or cancel, his marriage Henry
VII and the English Parliament took
control of the English Church
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Henry
then set up the Church of
England and called it the Anglican
Church
This
church was identical in nearly
every way to the Roman Catholic
Church, except that the King took
the place of the Pope
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The
Catholic Counter-Reformation
The
Roman Catholic Church
acknowledged that some of Martin
Luther’s complaints were valid
The selling of indulgences was stopped
 Reformers were appointed to key posts to
eliminate corruption
 Those found guilty of corruption were
punished and barred from position of
authority

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The
Protestant and Catholic
Reformations divided Europe into
a Catholic South and a Protestant
North
Terrible
religious wars broke out
throughout Europe

Both sides tortured and killed those
who disagreed with their teachings
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The
strong religious feeling
contributed to a wave of witch
hunting
Both Catholics and Protestants
persecuted and expelled, or
drove out, Jews
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
 Beginning
in the 1500s, new ideas
about science changed the way
Europeans thought about the world
 This
period was called the Scientific
Revolution
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
 Since
ancient times, people had
believed that the Earth was at the
center of the universe
 In
the 1500s and 1600s scientists such as
Copernicus and Galileo showed that the
planets revolved around the sun
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
 Nicolaus
Copernicus developed the
heliocentric model of the universe
 This
states that the sun is the center, and that
the earth revolves around it

Galileo continues Copernicus' work by observing
the skies with a homemade telescope
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
 At
first, these discoveries upset many
Europeans
 However,
a new way of thinking about
science began to emerge

Scientists began to observe the world around
them and to develop ideas about why things
happened

They did experiments to test these ideas
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
 This
new way of thinking was called the
Scientific Method
 The
scientific method uses observation and
experimentation to explain theories on the
workings of the universe
 This process allowed scientists to logically find
answers through the use of reason
 This method of research is the basis for
modern science
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
 Isaac
Newton built upon the
earlier work of Copernicus
and Galileo and used
mathematics to describe
gravity as the force that
keeps planets revolving
around the sun
 He
also explained that this
same force is what causes
objects to fall to earth.
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment
 A Scientific “Revolution” was the Enlightenment
 Political and social scholars began to
question the workings of society and
government
 The Enlightenment attempted to explain the
purpose of government, and describe the
best form of it
 The most influential Enlightenment thinkers
were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke,
Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, and
Jean Jacques Rousseau.