Transcript Plants Used to Treat Heart Disease

When Mushroom Go
Bad?
By Michael Mai
Outline
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Mushroom species belonging to Amanita genus
- Toxin Species of Amanita
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General Information
- Poisonous vs. Regular Mushrooms
- Parts of the mushroom that are poisonous
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Common Toxins found in Amanita
- Amatoxin
- Virotoxins
- Phallotoxin
- Ibotenic acid
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General Information, Mechanism of Action and Structural Comparison
-Amatoxin
-Phallotoxin
-Ibotenic Acid
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Extraction Methods
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Amanatin Poisoning
- Symptoms
- Treatment
Mushroom species belonging to
Amanita genus
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A. virosa (amatoxin)

A. phalloides (phallotoxin)

A. pantheria (Ibotenic acid)
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Morchella (edible)
Characteristic of Poisonous Mushroom
Cap is wide, smooth,
come with different
colorful
 Usually sticky or
slippery
 White spore powder
 Gill size is narrow or
surface is smooth
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Characteristic of Edible Mushroom
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Is has odor like
almond
Spore print is black or
brown or chocolate
Gill size is broad
Mushroom must has
no bruises
Which parts of mushroom that
are most poisonous?
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All parts of amatoxin
containing mushrooms
are poisonous.
Common toxins found in Amanita

Amatoxins

Phallotoxins

Virotoxins

Ibotenic acids
Amatoxin
Genernal information: Found in virosa and
commonly known as “Destroying Angels”.
Mechanism of actions: This mushroom can cause liver
and kidney damage. Toxin invades nucleus of liver
cells. Then it destroys nucleolus and inhibits mRNA
Polymerase. The toxin circulates to kidneys and attack
kidney cells then re-enter blood stream and back to
liver. Amatoxins are LETHAL.
Phallotoxins
Genernal information: Found in phalloides
commonly known as “Death Cap”. This mushroom
was discovered by Lynen and Ulrich Wieland in 1938.
Mechanism of actions: Attack plasma membrane and
bind to protein receptors. Cells leak Ca++ and then K+ .
Toxin enters cytoplasm and attacks organelles by
rupturing lysosome membrane.
Ibotenic Acid
Genernal information: Found in pantheria and
commonly known as “Panther”.
Mechanism of actions: Toxins act by mimicking the
natural transmitters glutamic acid on neurons in the
central nervous system with specialized receptors for
amino acids. These toxins may also cause selective
death of neurons sensitive to Excitatory Amino Acid
(EAAs).
General Structures
Amatoxin
Phallotoxin
General Structures Continue
Ibotenic acid
Amatoxin and
Phallotoxin are more
similar in structure
than Ibotenic in that
they both are huge
cyclic structures.
Both also contain a
sulfur group in the
center of the cyclic
structure.
One Extraction Method for
Amatoxin and Phallotoxin
Methods:
 Dried
specimens of Amanita foetidissima and A.
pleropus were rehydrated in KOH, then rinsed w/
distilled water. Diced, weighed, then suspended in
extraction medium containing methanol: distilled
water. Suspended tissues are then incubated then
centrifuged. Supernatants were collected and HPLC
analysis were than performed. Peaks identified by
HPLC were confirmed by FAB mass spectroscopy
of the eluted fractions in A. reidii and A. phallodies f.
umbrina, two other species known to contain
amatoxin and phallotoxin.
One Extraction Method for
Ibotenic Acid

Methods:
 Ibotenic
acid ([alpha]-amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazole
acetic acid) was separated from spores and caps of
Amanita muscaria by reversed phase high
performance liquid chromatography and identified by
flow injection analysis with mass spectrometric
detection.
Amanatin: Symptoms & Treatments
Symptoms


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Within 5 to 24 hours diarrhea, vomiting, and
pain (typically 6 to 12
hours)
Short remission and
apparent improvement
4 to 11 days later
- severe liver damage
- acute kidney failure
- coma and death
Treatments
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Supportive care - pump
stomach, restore fluid
balance
Activated charcoal to
absorb toxins in
stomach
Liver transplant
High dose penicillin G
milk thistle
Works cited
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http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot430/Lect24_Edible%20and
%20Poisonous%20Mushroom.htm
Source Citation: "Mushroom poisoning." World of Health. Ed. Brigham
Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18
April 2006
Source Citation: Kaminstein, David, MD. "Mushroom poisoning." Gale
Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe and Deirdre S.
Blanchfield. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Science Resource Center.
Thomson Gale. 18 April 2006
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/amanita/amapeptides.html#
toxins2
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlin
e&aid=248683
http://www.msu.edu/user/hallenhe/SAJB%20amatoxin.pdf