Transcript Renaissance and Reformation

CHAPTER 12
RENAISSANCE
AND
REFORMATION
SECTION 1
Renaissance and Reformation
• Renaissance- means rebirth.
• Important characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance:
1. Italy was a largely an urban society
(many people lived in large cities). A
secular (worldly) viewpoint developed.
• 2. An age of recovery from the disasters
of the 14th century: plague, political
instability, & decline of Church power.
• 3. A rebirth of interest in ancient culture
(culture of ancient Greece and Rome).
• People of the Renaissance began to
emphasize what individuals could achieve.
They believed humans could accomplish
anything and a well rounded person who
had achievements in many areas was
ideal.
• Leonardo da Vinci- painter, sculptor,
architect, inventor, & mathematician.
The Italian States
• City-states remained independent.
• Three main city-states emerged.
• 1. Milan was the crossroads of some of the
main trade routes. Conquered by Sforza
with the help of mercenaries. Centralized
state that had a tax system that gave the
government a huge income.
• 2. Venice developed into a trade empire by
trading with both Asia and Western Europe.
Merchant-aristocrats ran the government
according to their own interests.
• 3. Florence was the cultural center of Italy.
Ruled by Medici family. Best known: Cosimo de
Medici & Lorenzo de Medici. Economy declined
due to competition in the cloth market with the
English and Flemish. Turned over to
Savonarola, who regulated gambling,
horseracing, swearing, painting, music, and
books. Returned to the Medici rule.
The Italian Wars
• French King Charles VIII attacked
Naples,Italy in 1494 in search for riches.
Italy asked for help and for the next 30
years, Spain and France fought over Italy.
• In 1527, Spanish King Charles I led
mercenaries to Rome. They had not been
paid in months, so they destroyed nearly
everything. Looted much of the city and sold
church officials as slaves.
Niccolo Machiavelli
• Wrote “The Prince”, a book about how to
acquire and keep political power. Most
important works on political power that
was ever written. The prince must
understand human nature. He believed
that a prince must act on behalf of the
state and must be willing to act against his
conscience if necessary.
Renaissance Society
• Nobility, peasants, townspeople
• Baldassare Castiglione wrote “The Book of
the Courtier”. Believed a noble was born,
not made, have 2 basic skills: warrior &
educated, show their achievements.
• 1. Patricians were the top of urban societywealthiest. 2. Burghers were the artisans,
shopkeepers, guild members. 3. Workers
who earned pitiful wages. 30-40%
• Family was important. Parents arranged
marriages to improve their status. Paid dowry to
husband. Father was center of the Italian family
and made all decisions for the family until he
died or went before a judge freed his children
(adulthood).
• Johannes Gutenburg of Germany helped with
the invention of the printing press in Europe.
Allowed to compete with China and their printing
press.
SECTION 2
Italian Renaissance Humanism
• Humanism- based on the study of the
classics, the literary works of ancient
Greece and Rome.
• Petrarch was called “The Father of Italian
Renaissance Humanism”. Described the
intellectual life as a life of solitude.
• In the 1400s, humanists believed it was the
duty of intellectuals to live active lives and
serve the state
Vernacular Literature
• Vernacular- language of their region.
German, Italian, French.
• Dante wrote “Divine Comedy” which told
the story of the soul’s journey to salvation.
• Chaucer wrote “Canterbury Tales” which
was a collection of stories told by a group
of pilgrims on their way to St. Thomas a
Becket’s tomb.
Education in the Renaissance
• Believed education could change people.
• Believed that liberal arts helped people
reach their full potential.
• Their goal was not to create great scholars
but complete citizens.
• For women, religion and morals were
emphasized, do they would become good
wives and mothers.
Artistic Renaissance
• Artists tried to imitate nature in their works.
• Developed a new worldview in which
human beings became the focus of their
attention.
• Massaccio- mastered the laws of
perspectives and fresco.
• Chief aim of art was realistic portrayal of
people, especially human nudes.
• Donatello created realistic, free-standing
figures.
• Leonardo da Vinci mastered the art of
realistic painting. Painted The Last
Supper and Mona Lisa.
• Raphael tried to achieve the ideal beauty.
Well-known for his Madonnas (paintings
of the Virgin Mary).
• Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.
SECTION 3
The Protestant Reformation
• This is the name that is used for the
reform movement that divided the western
Church into Catholic and Protestant
groups.
• Major goal was to reform the Catholic
Church.
• Believed that in order to change the
Church and society, they needed to
change the individuals first.
• Desiderius Erasmus believed that
Christianity should show people how to
live good lives. He criticized the abuses of
the Catholic Church. He didn’t want to
break away from the Church, however, he
sought to reform within the Catholic
Church.
Religion on the Eve of the
Reformation
• Between 1450 and 1520, the popes were
more concerned with Italian politics and
worldly interests than with spiritual
matters. Concerned more about money
and used their church offices to become
wealthy.
• People wanted meaningful religion and
assurance of salvation, but many Priests
were unable to teach them.
• A person could gain an indulgence (a
release from all or part of the punishment
of sins) through relics and later in the form
of certificates.
• This upset many of the reformers.
Martin Luther
• A monk and Professor at University of
Wittenberg.
• Catholic teaching stressed both faith & good
works were needed to gain salvation. Believed
that people could never do enough good works
to be saved, rather they are saved by their faith
in God.
• Justification (being right with God) by faith.
• Nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a Church
attacking the sale of indulgences.
• Also believed that there should be only 2
sacraments: baptism and Eucharist.
• Believed that clergymen should be able to
marry.
• Catholic Church excommunicated him in
1521.
• Charles V issues the Edict of Worms made
Luther an outlaw in the empire. Protected
by German rulers.
• Created Lutheranism, the first Protestant
faith. Changed worship services to Bible
readings, sermons, and song.
• When Charles V finally brought military
forces to Germany, the Lutheran princes
were well prepared for him.
• Peace of Augsburg ended the war and
allowed the German states ruler to choose
between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
SECTION 4
The Zwinglian Reformation
• A priest in Zurich, Switzerland who sought
to have religious reforms take place.
• Removed all paintings, decorations, and
relics from the churches.
• Services now consisted of scripture
readings, prayer, and sermons.
• Was killed during battle.
John Calvin
• Frenchman who converted to Protestantism.
• Believed in Justification and emphasized the allpowerful nature of God.
• Predestination- the belief that God has
determined in advance who will be saved (the
elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate).
• By 16th century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism
as the most important form of Protestantism.
• Consistory had the right to punish people who
deviated from the church’s teachings & moral.
The Reformation in England
• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife,
Catherine because she did not have a
son. He needed a male heir.
• Wanted the Pope to annul (declare invalid)
his marriage.
• Pope refused.
• Asked the church courts in England and
was granted an annulment.
• Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn.
• Parliament passes Act of Supremacy of
1534 which separated the Church of
England from the pope in Rome. King was
now head of the church.
• Sold the churches lands and closed
monasteries.
• Similar beliefs as those of the Catholic
Church.
• Died and his son, Edward VI took over.
• Church headed in the direction of
Protestantism.
• People opposed this direction.
• Edward dies and Mary takes the throne.
• Mary was Catholic and wanted to restore
England to Roman Catholicism.
• “Bloody Mary” killed 300 Protestants, which
angered England and pushed them more in
the direction of Protestantism.
The Anabaptists
• People who believed that the state should
not play an important role in the church.
• Based their beliefs and practices on the
accounts of the early Christian Church and
the New Testament.
• Believed in complete separation of the
church and state. Government should be
kept out of religion.
The Catholic Reformation
• Three factors led to a reformation of the Catholic
Church are: 1. the Jesuits, 2. reform of the
papacy, 3. the Council of Trent.
• The Jesuits took a vow of absolute obedience to
the pope. Used education to spread their
message.
• Blamed the popes for corruption and questionable
financial dealings and in Italian political and
military affairs.
• The Council of Trent decided that both faith and
good works were necessary for salvation. Kept
the 7 sacraments and forbid the selling of
indulgences.