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Baroque 1580 - 1700 The World Relative stable time in history following the religious upheavals of the Renaissance period. This allow Monarch to focus on the arts and learning. ⋆Absolute Monarchy Absolute Monarchy ⋆ Louis XIV (1638 - 1715) ⋆ Strict Social Class system ⋆Settlement of the new world ⋆ Jamestown - Pilgrims 1607 ⋆ Establishment of the 13 Colonies ⋆Focus on Science ⋆ Newton ⋆ Galileo ⋆Decoration and ornamentation Prevailed Advancements ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► 1608 -1609 - Telescope 1610 - Tennis 1611 - Rifle 1624 - Submarine 1625 - Public Carriages Umbrellas Table Knives w/ Round tips 1642 - Adding Machine 1653 - Mailbox 1656 - Pendulum Clock 1657 - Watch 1666 - Billiards 1668 - Paper Money 1671 - Calculator 1672 - Mirror Telescope ⋆1684 - Wallpaper ⋆ Screwdriver ⋆ Corkscrew ⋆1711 - Tuning Fork ⋆1715 - Mercury Thermometer ⋆1726 - Suspenders ⋆ Rubber Eraser ►As the Renaissance ended, the Baroque Era began. In Europe, the Renaissance had grown all over and everyone was interested in the Greek and Roman ideals of beauty and art. ► During the Baroque Era, things changed. Notice that the Renaissance was particularly interested in mathematical beauty—using perspective and three-dimensions to create realistic paintings and sculptures. They also focused on people who were pretty normal, though they had money. (During the Renaissance, people like Rick Rand and Bobby True would have had sculptures or busts made by artists.) Baroque Era Overview ► During the Baroque Era, that changed. Baroque artists were more interested in emotion. – This is the first instance of the head/ heart phenomenon. That is, each successive era focuses more on either intelligence—or head—or emotion—heart. ►This is true all the way until the Modern Era, which focuses on both. ► Baroque artists also used a form of painting called chiaroscuro, which is – The blending of natural light with shadows surrounding the subject or focal point of the work. – That means most of the paintings during this period of history were very dark with only a bit of light highlighting what was to be seen. Chiaroscuro ►Notice the us e of natural light, particularly in the paintings of Rembrandt and Caravaggio, allowed artists to: – Break away from the limits of previous styles – Focus on the power of the dramatic and the supernatural ►Also promoted extensive ornamentation with high contrasts in paintings Baroque Art ►The two artists you need to focus on are Rembrandt and Caravaggio. – Rembrandt Von Rijn was a Dutch painter known for his use of natural light to create drama in portraits. – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio was known for passionate depictions of supernatural subjects in emotional distress. Remember Chiaroscuro is the use of natural light and the bold play of volume and void. Nicolas Tulp Rembrandt Night Watch Rembrandt The Calling of St. Mark Rembrandt Medusa, Caravaggio An Old Jew Seated Rembrandt The Landscape Rembrandt The Musicians, Caravaggio Bacchus, Caravaggio The Union of Earth and Water, Rubens Bacchus, Rubens Adoration, Rubens Isabella Brant, Rubens Boy With a Dragon, Bernini Bernini, David Bernini, Dove of the Holy Spirit Baroque Music Music Fugue -Work for 2 or more voices layered on top of each other. (A form of counterpoint.) Opera -staged secular work consisting of solos, chorus, and orchestra that tells a story, with costumes and set Oratorio - sacred work consisting of solos, chorus, and orchestra that tells a story, does not use costumes or set Parts of an Opera/Oratorio Aria - Solo written for one voice Recitative - music using normal speech rhythms Chorus - song for the ensemble Overture - instrumental music that precedes an opera/oratorio ► He dominated Baroque music. – German ► First real professional musician ► That is, he made enough money by writing music to survive only by writing music ► First of the great composers ► Most of his works were done for the church. He wrote hymns, etudes, psalms, and fugues for the church. ► Why did he write church music? Simple, really. Organs were expensive. Only the church or kings and queens could pay to have them installed. Bach wasn’t royalty so he had to create music for the church. It essentially paid the bills. Therefore, he wrote primarily for the pipe organ. ► Songs to remember: – Air on the G String – Toccata and Fugue in D Minor German Johann Sebastian Bach TRIVIA FOR YOU ►His songs varied a great deal. He had slow songs, fast songs, happy songs, and spooky songs. How do you get a song to sound spooky? You put it in a minor chord. An example of a spooky song from JS Bach is . This song is played even today around Halloween time and can also be heard in movies. ►Italian ►Nicknamed “The Red Priest” ► Vivaldi was trained for the priesthood but stopped due to chest pains. ►Most of his works are for soloists, but best, most famous work is Four Seasons. ►Vivaldi’s most famous work is from the larger orchestral work called Four Seasons. It’s broken down into Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter. Spring sounds like bees buzzing around flowers, while winter is slow and melodic. Each of the seasons had a theme to it and it is still considered among the greatest compositions of all time. Antonio Vivaldi ► German who moved to England ► He was the son of a barber-surgeon who intended him for the law. ► When he was young he became a pupil of Zachow, the principal organist in Halle. ► He was appointed organist of the Calvinist Cathedral at the age of 17. ► Handel created The Messiah. You’ve heard this around Christmas every year since you were born, most likely. The Messiah takes its words from the King James version of the Bible, including the famous Hallelujah chorus. George Frideric Handel Other Composers ► There are two other composers you need to know about. They are Vivaldi and Handel. You’ve heard their music before, too. ► Baroque Dance Court dances in the Baroque period were a highly formal occasion. The Baroque ideal of ornamentation was apparent at these grand events. It was during the Baroque period that ballet was developed by the French monarch, Louis XIV. Baroque Literature Cervantes ►Don Quixote ►First novel ►Insane older man “tilts at windmills” and seeks Dulcinea ►Is he mad or does it matter? Don Quixote ► 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Don Quixote had specific rules to live by: Look the best in people. Be courteous to all women. Be just to all men. Live for the future, not the past. Love people as they ought to be, not as they are. Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ►The Leviathan ►"The universe is corporeal; all that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." --The Leviathan – Social contract theory – All life sucks eggs without one strong, autocratic ruler. – No God John Locke ►Two Treatises of Government ►Opposite viewpoint from Hobbes ►Mankind good ►Will of the people ►Tabula Rasa– Blank slate Tabula Rasa ►Nature v. nurture – Hobbes believed that people were born bad and stayed that way. – Locke believed people were born neither good nor bad, but were blank slates to be determined by their upbringing. How would these two theories change your perspective on life?