Transcript HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY
► HISTORY-PAST EVENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVING HUMAN
AFFAIRS. AN ACCOUNT OR RECORD OF PAST EVENTS THAT IS
WRITTEN IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
► GEOGRAPHY-THE STUDY OF PEOPLE, THEIR ENVIRONMENT,
AND THEIR RESOURCES.
FACTS OF HISTORY
► WHERE
(PLACE)BOSTON,MASSACHUSETTS
► WHEN (DATE)- MARCH 5, 1770
► WHO (NAMES OF PEOPLE)-CRISPUS
ATTUCKS
► WHERE,WHEN,& WHO ARE THE ONLY
THINGS THAT CAN BE FACTS!!!!!!!!!
HISTORY
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PREHISTORY- THE TIME PERIOD FOR WHICH THERE ARE NO
WRIITEN MATERIAL.
ORAL HISTORY- HISTORY OR TRADITION OF A PEOPLE HANDED
DOWN FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER BY WORD OF MOUTH
ARCHAEOLOGY- THE STUDY OF EVIDENCE LEFT BY EARLY PEOPLE IN
ORDER TO FIND OUT ABOUT THEIR WAY OF LIFE.
ARTIFACTS- OBJECTS MADE BY HUMANS. TOOLS, WEAPONS,
BASKETS, & CARVINGS.
CULTURE- THE WAY OF LIFE THAT A PEOPLE HAS DEVELOPED. IT
INCLUDES THEIR HOMES, CLOTHING, ECONOMY, ARTS,
GOVERNMENT, CUSTUMS,IDEAS, BELIEFS, & SKILLS.
CHRONOLOGY
► THE
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OVER TIME.
► ABSOLUTE
CHRONOLOGY-
REFERS TO THE
EXACT TIME AN EVENT TAKES PLACE.
► RELATIVE
CHRONOLOGY-
TIME WHEN EVENTS
TAKE PLACE IN RELATION TO OTHER EVENTS. IT HELPS
US UNDERSTAND CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
EVENTS.
HISTORIANS MAKE:
► ASSUMPTIONS- GUESSES BASED ON PRELIMINARY
EVIDENCE
► HYPOTHESES- FIRM POSITIONS OR BELIEFS BASED
ON EVIDENCE THAT IS BEING TESTED.
► INFERENCES- JUDGEMENTS BASED ON THE
ACCUMULATION AND CROSS-CHECKING OF PROVEN
FACTS.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
PRIMARY SOURCE-
FIRSTHAND INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE
AND EVENTS.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: COUT DECISIONS, PUBLIC SPEECHES,
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS SUCH AS DIARIES, LETTERS AND
AUTOBIOGRAPHIES.
VISUAL EVIDENCE:NEWS PHOTOGRAPH & VIDEOTAPED INTERVIEWS.
SECONDARY SOURCE-
AN ACCOUNT PROVIDED AFTER THE
FACT BY PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DIRECTLY WITNESS OR PARTICIPATE
IN THE EVENT. Ex. ENCYCLOPEDIAS, BIOGRAPHIES, TEXT BOOKS, OR
BOOKS OR ARTICLES WRITTEN BY HISTORIANS.
EVALUATING EVIDENCE
► AUTHENTICITY-THE SOURCE IS ACTUALLY WHAT IT
SEEMS TO BE.
► BIAS- LEANING TOWARD OR AGAINST A CERTAIN
PERSON, GROUP, OR IDEA.
► CARBON
14 TEASTING- DETERMINES AGE OF
ARTIFACTS OR SKELETAL REMAINS. DESTROYS
MATERIAL. HAS TO BE LESS THAN 40,000 YEARS OLD.
YOU NEED A LARGE PIECE FOR TESTING.
► AMINO
ACID RACEMIZATION- AGE UP TO 1
MILLION YEARS OLD. TEST OBJECTS CAN BE LESS THAT
AN OUNCE. CARBON TESTING.
ECONOMICS
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THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE MANAGE THEIR LIMITED
RESOURCES TO SATISFY THEIR WANTS AND NEEDS.
WHAT GOODS AND SERVICES SHOULD WE PRODUCE?
HOW SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?
FOR WHOM SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?
UNITED STATES ECONOMY
► FREE
ENTERPRISE SYSTEM-
THE
GOVERNMENT PLAYS A LIMITED ROLE IN THE
ECONOMY.
OWNERS OF A BUSINESS DECIDE:
WHAT PRODUCTS TO MAKE
HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE
WHERE TO SELL
WHAT PRICE TO CHARGE
COMPETITION IS ENCOURAGED!!!!!
OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
► ANTHROPOLOGY- STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE & CULTURE.
► POLITICAL
SCIENCE-
STRUCTURE & ACTIVITIES OF
GOVERNMENT AND TRY TO DESCRIBE HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN
LIFE AND SOCIETIES.
► PSYCHOLOGY- WHY HUMANS ACT THE WAY THEY DO. HOW
THEY GROW UP, LEARN, CHANGE, DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER, AND
HOW THEY GET INTO TROUBLW.
► SOCIOLOGY-HUMAN SOCIAL RELATIONS OR GROUP LIFE AND
HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES.
5 THEMES OF
GEOGRAPHY
LOCATION
PLACE
INTERACTION
MOVEMENT
REGIONS
LOCATION
EXACT: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
RELATIVE:IN RELATION TO ANOTHER PLACE.
PLACE
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PHYSICAL FEATURES-NATURAL RESOURCES-CLIMATE,
SOIL,VEGETATION, ANIMAL LIFE, BODIES OF WATER, COAL, IRON
ETC.
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HUMAN FEATURES-KINDS OF HOUSES, TRANSPORTATION, WAYS
TO EARN A LIVING, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, ETC.
INTERACTION
► PEOPLE
ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
AND CHANGE THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
IRRIGATION-BRING WATER TO DRY LAND
MOVEMENT
► TRAVEL
FROM PLACE TO PLACE-SO PEOPLE
COULD GET WHAT THEY NEED OR WANT.
EXCHANGE OF GOODS, IDEAS,&
TECHNOLOGY.
REGIONS
► UNITED
BY SIMILAR PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS LAND FORMS.
► UNITED
BY COMMON CULTURAL TRAITS-PEOPLE
PRESERVE THEIR LANGUAGE AND CULTURE