Transcript Enzymes

Chapter 4
Intro to Biochemistry
Element: NA+, Cl-, S, O, H, C 
 Atom:
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Intro to biochem. Continued..
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Compounds: (chemically bounded)
NaCl- sodium chloride *salt*
 H2O- water
 HCl- Hydrochloric Acid
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Mixture: (physically combined) –can be
seperated
Covalent Bond:
8e-
“Marriage”
6e-
1e-
1e-
Ionic Bonding:
1e-
Give/Take “Partnership”
7 e-
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Substances can be divided up into
acids, bases & neutral
pH ScaLe!
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pH- measure of how acidic or basic a
solution is
STRONG ACIDS: corrode metals, buildings,
living issue
 STRONG BASES: dissolve fats, grease, oil,
clean drains, and are damaging to skin
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Organic compound composed of C,
Hydrogen (H) & Oxygen (O)
 Polymer: any large molecule formed when
smaller molecules combine.
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POLY: Many
 ISOMER: 1 molecule
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StruCture oF CarBoHydrATes!
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Structure:
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Carbohydrates are used to store and release
energy in cells
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Monosaccharide- simple sugar. EX: glucose &
Fructose
Mono=1, saccharide= sugar
Disaccharid-2 sugar carbohydrate. EX: glucose +
Fructose = sucrose(table sugar)
Polysaccharide- largest carbohydrate molecules.
EX: starchpotato, bread Cellulose plants
LiPiDs…
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Organic compounds with C-H
bonds and less oxygen
EX: Fats, oilsinsoluble in water, does not dissolve
Cells use lipids for energy storage, insulation and
protective coating
EX:
 Large,
complex polymer made of C,
H, O and Nitrogen
 Provide structure and important
for most functions in the body
¤ProTeiNs contin…¤
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PROTEINS are made up of AMINO ACIDS:
basic building blocks of proteins
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Amino Acids bond together by peptide
bonds
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EX:
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Stores Cell information!
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Nucleic acids are made up of Nucleotides
(building blocks)
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Structure: 3 main parts
 1: a base
 2: sugar
 3: phosphate group
Enzymes
Most important type of protein found
in all living things
 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
in digestion of food, storage,
synthesis of molecules and much
more!
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 Catalysts:
make reaction faster
How They work:
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Each enzyme acts on a molecule called
a Substrate.
substrate
LOCK
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The Substrate fits into an area of the
enzyme called the active site.
KEY
Active site ->
Active site->
Enzyme
How they work contin.
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The enzyme holds the substrate in a
position where a reaction can occur
easily
Enzyme/substrate
Complex
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After the reaction, the enzyme releases
the products and can go on to carry out
another reaction (rxn)
 Product
Enzyme
(unchanged)
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Wine:
grapes & yeast : wine!
^^ causes the sugar in the
grapes to FERMENT-sugar is
changed to carbon dioxide (CO2)
& Alcohol (OH)
Yeast contain enzymes
^^ Greek word means “in yeast”
If you have:
Milk + BacTerIa = Yogurt
^^ enzyme
YoGurT L A B!
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In Lab:
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Milk + EnZymEs in = YoGurT
(bactobacillus)
What happens?
-Enzyme converts sugar in milk to lactic acid &
^acid will
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
cause milk to
curdle &
change into
yogurt
Cholesterol
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Cholesterol is a waxy steroid metabolite found in
the cell membranes and transported in the blood
plasma of all animals.[2] It is an essential
structural component of mammalian cell
membranes, where it is required to establish
proper membrane permeability and fluidity. In
addition, cholesterol is an important component
for the manufacture of bile acids, steroid
hormones, and Vitamin D.
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Major dietary sources of cholesterol include
cheese, egg yolks, beef, pork, poultry, and
shrimp
Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin in the blood is what transports
oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of
the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases
the oxygen for cell use, and collects carbon
dioxide to bring it back to the lungs.
©OpYriGht
Chapter 4
 By: Candi Marshburn
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