Transcript N.S. 100 Lecture 3c - PPT Biochemistry Part 3 Assignment Page

N.S. 100 Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is
broken up into 3 parts – this is part 3c
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As in lard
As in some plant oils
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Omega 3
Fatty Acids
Healthiest of
all
Fight blood clots
Reduce fat levels in the blood
Reduce fatty deposits in arteries
Found in:
Certain fatty fish (salmon, albacore, lake trout, sardines)
Lesser amounts in walnuts & soy based products
Margarine stick
Butter
Margarine soft
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg
Trans Fats are most
unhealthy of all fats
Why are trans fats bad?
Bubbling hydrogen 67
(hydrogenation) through
unsaturated fats (good ones)
changes the orientation of
the hydrogens from “cis” to
“trans” and causes oils to
turn solid
1. Raise LDL levels
2. Lower HDL levels
3. Raise fat levels in blood
4. Prevent blood vessels from
opening up
Trans Foods:
Foods that say “partially
hydrogenated” or
“hydrogenated”.
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Ingredients
Liquid Canola Oil, Water, Partially Hydrogenated
Soybean Oil, Plant Stanol Esters, Salt, Emulsifiers,
(Vegetable Mono- and Diglycerides, Soy Lecithin),
Hydrogentated Soybean Oil, Potassium Sorbate, Citric
Acid and Calcium Disodium EDTA to Preserve Freshness,
Artificial Flavor, DL-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Vitamin A
Palmitate, Colored with Beta Carotene.
Normal blood flow through artery
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http://www.ppsinc.org/images/cholplaque.jpg
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Food & Genetics
are sources of
cholesterol
cholesterol
Liver degrades
HDL Cholesterol
Excess LDL Cholesterol
forms fat artery deposit
Liver degrades some
LDL cholesterol
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Anabolic (growth)
steroid (lipids) causes
tissue to grow
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)
Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)
Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)
Lipids – C, H, O
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)
DNA from a lysed
bacterial cell
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The DNA double helix
Two strands of nucleic acid (polymers)
Most famous
photo in biology
DNA discovery
in 1953 is a
Milestone in
Biology and
Medicine
Watson and Crick
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Wilkins
Franklin
Pauling
DNA double
helix
Double Helix
is the polymer
Nucleotide is
the monomer
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Electron
micrograph of
DNA 1,000,000
times
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Human cells have about 3 yards of DNA in each
of the 2 trillion cells in a human body
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Year 2000
“The U.S. Human
Genome Project
coordinated by the
DOE and NIH, is a
multi-year effort to
find all the genes on
every chromosome in
the human body and
to determine their
biochemical nature”
•Craig Venter (head of Celera Genomics -left),
•President Clinton
•Francis Collins (director, NIH National Human
Genome Research Institute).
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“Science
hurts my
head”
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REVIEW
Polymer
Polypeptide (Protein)
Polysaccharide (Starch)
Lipid, Fats
Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Monomer
Amino acids
Monosaccharide (glucose)
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Nucleotide
substrate
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Active site
Protein
Enzymes are (special)
proteins with active
sites. Active site
attracts substrate(s)
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Active
site
Substrate
Enzyme
Enzyme is used over and over again
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Some enzymes catalyze 600,000
reactions per second in one active site
Humans make 35,000 chemical products
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Humans have 35,000 enzymes
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Enzyme makes sure that A and B
unite in correct way
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A
B
No
product
formed
A = substrate
B = substrate
C = product
B
A
B
A
A
B
enzyme
C
A and B can only go
together one way to
form product
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Enzymes - Two important functions:
1.
Lower the energy of activation for
chemical reactions (less heat
needed).
2.
Channel chemical reactions along
certain specific pathways.
Enzymes lower the energy of activation of
chemical reactions ……………… or
they decrease the heat needed for a chemical
reaction.
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Enzymes channel chemical reactions along
certain specific pathways.
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Temperature influences enzyme reaction rate
Enzyme
reaction
rate
Temperature
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Enzyme to make dark fur is
destroyed by warmth of mother
Baby’s white fur blends with ice
for protection
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Polymers) in food must be
digested to monomers before
they can be used
Proteins digested
into monomers
(amino acids)
Digestive
enzyme
Digestive tract
enzymes
Carbohydrates
digested into
monomers
(monosaccharides)
Lipids digested into monomers (fatty
acids and glycerol)
Bile
emulsifies
lipids
(polymers),
like soap
does to
grease on a
plate
Monomers of
amino acids
Lipid
polymers
Peptidase
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Protein
polymers
Lipase
Amylase
Monomers of
Glycerol and fatty
acids
Monomers of
monosaccharides or sugars
Enzymes:
amylase
pepsin
lipase
Intestinal wall
lined with cells
Blood vessel
Large food polymer too big to be absorbed
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Dimers too big to be
absorbed
Monomers are
small enough to
be absorbed
Do I need
Enzymes?