Transcript Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds
Big Four Compounds
Greenhouse Biology
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Elements and Compounds Found in
Living Things

Only 11 are common in living things
 MOST Common are:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
2 Main Groups of Chemical
Compounds

MOST Common are:




Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Organic Compounds


Organic compounds
are compounds that
contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms
Came from a living
organism
Inorganic Compounds
 Inorganic:
Does Not come
from living organisms
 CO2 Carbon Dioxide
 H2O Water
What’s so special about CARBON?
4 outer (valence)
electrons
 Can bind with
4 different atoms

What’s so special about CARBON?

Carbon has 4 places that
molecules can attach to it and
share!
What’s so special about CARBON?

Carbon has 4 places that molecules can
attach to it!
THE BOTTOM LINE about CARBON

It has HUGE potential for making a WIDE
VARIETY of different types of molecules!
How to BUILD (and take apart)
Organic Molecules


Monomer – a small subunit (building block) that can
be joined
Polymer – a large molecule made up of many smaller
monomer subunits
How to BUILD (and take apart)
Organic Molecules

Macromolecule – term for VERY large
polymers
How to BUILD (and take apart)
Organic Molecules

Dehydration Synthesis

Process that MAKES
polymers
 Dehydration – lose
water
 Synthesis – making
or putting together
How to BUILD (and take apart)
Organic Molecules

Hydrolysis
 Process in which
polymers are
broken apart



Example: digestion
Add back the water
that was taken out
Breaks polymer into
monomer subunits

Add back the water that
was taken out
Bottom Line about Making
Polymers

Small subunits link together to make large
polymers

Dehydration reactions link them



Removal of water
Creates covalent bonds between subunits
To break apart polymers into subunits, you just
add the water back


Hydrolysis reaction
Breaks covalent bonds between subunits
Bottom Line about Making
Polymers


Really LONG complex
molecules can be
made and broken
down by these
methods.
Like linking and
unlinking cars in a
train.
FOUR MAJOR GROUPS of Organic
Compounds

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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

Functions

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Quick ENERGY
Energy STORAGE in PLANTS
Energy STORAGE in ANIMALS
Structural compounds for SUPPORT
GENERAL CARB STRUCTURE:
Monomers and Polymers

Monomers

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
Monosaccharides
Individual car in the train
Polymers


Polysaccharides
The whole train
Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbs are
monosaccharides

Simple/single sugars

Basic formula CH2O

Example:

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GLUCOSE; C6H12O6
Sugar made by plants in
photosynthesis
Others: galactose (milk
sugar); fructose (fruit)
Why monosaccharides are
important

Energy in them can be made QUICKLY
available to living things

Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the
sugar molecules

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In particular, bonds between CARBON and
HYDROGEN atoms store lots of energy
When these bonds are broken, energy is
released
This energy is then available to use

Cellular respiration converts this energy to a
usable form!
Monosaccharide - Glucose

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Note that there are
lots of these C-H
bonds in a sugar
molecule
Each has lots of
potential energy
stored in it
Disaccharides
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DOUBLE sugars
Two
monosaccharides
joined
Examples:

Sucrose (table sugar)
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Glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk)

Galactose + glucose
Why are Disaccharides useful?

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Not quite so easily
broken down as
monosaccharides
Can by used by plants /
animals for safe
temporary storage of
sugars

Used in transport in plants


Sugar not consumed on its
way from leaves to roots
Makes milk harder to
digest in animals

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MOST adult animals cannot
digest milk
Keeps it for YOUNG ONLY
Polysaccharides

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Made by joining MANY monosaccharides
Sugar (thus energy) is STORED in this
form
TYPES of Polysaccharides

STARCH

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PLANTS store energy in this form
LOTS of GLUCOSE molecules linked in LONG
CHAINS
Animals CANNOT store energy in this form,
but they CAN digest and USE it!
Starch
TYPES of Polysaccharides

GLYCOGEN

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Energy storage carbohydrate in ANIMALS
Found in the liver, mostly.
ALSO made of lots of glucose linked together
Glycogen
Cellulose

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
STRUCTURAL
carbohydrate in in the
cell wall of PLANTS
SUPPORT and
PROTECTION
UNDIGESTABLE in our
stomach BY humans
ANIMALS
WOOD
Chitin



STRUCTURAL
carbohydrate
Cell walls of fungi
Exoskeleton of
arthropods
Lipids
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Waxes
Oils
Fats
Steroids
Functions of Lipids

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Energy Storage
Insulation
Functions of Lipids

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1.Triglycerides: 3 fatty acid chains &
1 glycerol molecule
Ex: animal fats (lard), plant oils
2. Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid chains & a
phosphorus group; have polar & nonpolar qualities.

3 Steroids - cholesterol and
hormones (estrogen and
testosterone, for example)
34
Functions of Lipids

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shockabsorption/protection of
organs
formation of membranes
in cells and organelles
make important
compounds called
steroids - cholesterol and
hormones (estrogen and
testosterone, for
example)
Structure of Lipids

Glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
Why are Fatty Acids the “important
part”?
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fatty acids are LONG
chains of carbon and
hydrogen atoms
remember: bonds
between carbon and
hydrogen atoms STORE
ENERGY!
So fats (with their 3 fatty
acids) are PACKED with
energy and are GREAT at
energy storage
EFFICIENT energy storage

Because there are SO MANY C-H bonds in
fatty acids, lipids are VERY efficient ways
of storing energy.

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Fats produce more energy per gram
than carbohydrates do!
more efficient means better for animals lots of energy without much "baggage“
for animals that need to move.
Efficient energy storage

Some plants do use oils for energy
storage

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Corn oil, peanut oil, etc.
Efficiency is just not as important for
plants since they don’t have to move
around - so starch is still often the
primary energy storage molecule for them
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

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saturated fat - when each carbon in a fatty
acid shares a single covalent bond with as many
hydrogen atoms as possible
causes the fatty acids to be very straight they
can’t bend
butter and lard
Saturated Fat
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
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unsaturated fat - a fatty acid that has at least two
carbons double bonded to each other instead of two
hydrogen atoms - causes the fatty acids to bend
oils
the carbons are NOT bound to the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms.
Saturated vs. Nonsaturated Fats
Protein

Functions – MANY!
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MOST IMORTANT:
ENZYMES are made from protein
Synthesis – builds every structures in
organism cells
Structure of Proteins

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Monomers of AMINO ACIDS
make protein
20 different types of
amino acids can be used
to synthesize organelles
Protein Structure

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A protein is a polymer of amino acids
Amino acid monomers link together by
covalent bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS. =
Proteins are long chains of amino acids
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sometimes called polypeptides in reference to
their peptide bonds.
Peptide bonds are formed the same way as all
bonds among the organic compounds we're
discussing - DEHYDRATION reactions.
Making Proteins from Amino Acids
Enzymes

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Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts
for the chemical reactions in your body.
Chemical reactions are what living things are all
about.
Most of the chemical reactions in your body, if
left to themselves, would not happen quickly
enough for you to survive.
CATALYST (Enzyme)- something that speeds
up a chemical reaction.
Enzymes


Enzymes have unique shapes
LOCK AND KEY FIT designed to
fit the chemicals that they are to
"speed up" (the SUBSTRATES
of the
REACTION)
The region of the enzyme that
FITS the substrate specifically is
called the enzyme's ACTIVE
SITE.

The substrate BINDS with the
enzyme at the enzyme's ACTIVE
SITE.
Enzymes

Enzymes can either:
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bring two (or more) reactants together more
quickly and force them to react
stress bonds in a single substrate and cause it
to break apart more easily
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha
pter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
Enzymes
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An enzyme itself is NOT CHANGED by
the chemical reaction it catalyzes
A single enzyme can repeat its catalytic
activity with many, many substrate
molecules - that is, it can be used over
and over again.
Enzyme catalyzed reaction
Enzymes

ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC!

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If the shape of the enzyme's active site
becomes damaged, it will be unable to bind
with its substrate
Thus, it will be unable to function.
If an enzyme loses its shape it is said to be
DENATURED.
enzymes can be denatured by HEAT
 or by extremes in pH.

Nucleic Acids

Functions


tell the cell how to function
transmit genetic information to offspring
Nucleic Acids

Structure

Monomers of nucleic
acids are nucleotides

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Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
Many nucleotides
linked together give a
nucleic acid - RNA
and DNA are the two
main examples