Transcript Aqua Cave Template - mrbemrose / FrontPage

Unit 4 Introduction…
Internal Systems
and Regulation
The Vitruvian Man
Symmetry of the human body…and the Universe!
• a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms)
• the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his
height
• the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the
chin is one-tenth of a man's height
• the distance from the top of the head to the bottom
of the chin is one-eighth of a man's height
• the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of
a man's height
• the distance from the elbow to the armpit is oneeighth of a man's height
• the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's
height
• the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the
face
Da Vinci’s Anatomical
Sketches
A Little Food History!
• 400 BC: Hippocrates
said that food was
medicine…but couldn’t
tell people which foods
to eat.
• 1800’s – Salem, NJ:
Sam Johnson ate a
tomato in public to
prove that they were
not poisonous.
Dr. NO!
• 1800’s – Minister Sylvester Graham
told everyone not to:
• Eat meat (It leads to sex)
• Use spices
• Drink Caffeine
• Drink Alcohol
• Go to the Doctor (They bleed you out!)
• An unhealthy diet simulated sexual
desire which irritated the body and led
to disease.
• His followers were called “Grahamites”
• His substitute for sex was…
The ‘Graham’ Cracker!
To Eat or Not to Eat…
• Our food is full of chemicals…an apple
contains over 300 different compounds
• We are skeptical about food because
technology has allowed us to measure
in parts per trillion!
• 1 pp trillion is the same as 1 second in
32 000 years!
• “Paralysis by analysis”
Who do you trust?
• Harvey and Marilyn
Diamond
• Claimed that enzymes
are “life force”
• Women shouldn’t have
sex when pregnant
because it would cut
off oxygen to the fetus
• Lots of bad/unscientific
advice out there!
Homeostasis
All of our organ systems work together
to maintain Homeostasis
Homeostasis is a steady internal state,
keeps conditions in the body constant.
Examples:
1.
Blood Pressure (circulatory
system)
2.
Respiration Rate (respiratory
system)
3.
Body Temperature (circulatory
system)
4.
Blood Sugar (digestive and
circulatory)
The brain and the adrenal system
(hormones) do most of the regulating.
The Digestive System
Just Eat It!
Betcha didn’t know that…
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Your intestines are 7.5 metres long!
A horse’s intestines are 27 metres long!
Digestion from mouth to anus takes ~72 hrs!
In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50
tons o’ food!
The average person eats about 1.4 kg of food per day!
1.5 litres of saliva are produced each day!
An adult’s stomach can hold about 1.5 litres!
Each day 11.5 litres of digested food, liquids and digestive
juices flow through the digestive system…but only 100mLs
are lost in faeces!
Nutrition Basics
Remember the ‘big three’?
• Carbohydrates
(glucose needed for cellular resp.)
• Proteins
(amino acids are building blocks)
• Lipids
(long term E storage)
There are three more players
that are vital to our survival…
Vitamins
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Individual Units…not long
chains
They assist in the release of
energy form Carbs, Fats and
PRO’s (coenzymes)
Measured in milligrams (mg)
13 different vitamins
Examples:
• Vitamin C…infection
resistance and prevention of
scurvy (oranges).
• Vitamin A…helps us to see
better (found in carrots)
• Vitamin D…bone
mineralization (if not
enough…Rickets!)
Minerals
• Inorganic elements
• They do not yield
energy
• 16 are known to be
essential to humans
Examples:
• Calcium (bones), Iron
(blood cells), Zinc
(enzymes), Fluorine
(nice teeth!)
Water
• Provides the
environment in
which nearly all the
body’s activities are
conducted.
• Helps with
metabolic reactions
• Transporter of vital
materials and waste
products
Healthy Eating & Exercise
• Canada’s Food Guide
• Government
recommendations
Regular Exercise
Builds muscle
Increases metabolism
(body’s ‘burning’ of energy)
Decreases body fat
“24 Hour Food Challenge”
• How did you do?
• Daily Calorie
Requirements
Anorexia Nervosa
• Significant weight
loss resulting from
excessive dieting.
• Motivated by the
strong desire to be
thin and a fear of
becoming obese.
• Anorexics usually
strive for perfection.
Signs and Symptoms
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Noticeable weight loss
Becoming withdrawn
Excessive exercise
Always being cold
Muscle weakness
Obsession with food, calories, recipes
Excuses for not eating meals (ie. ate
earlier, not feeling well)
Physical/Medical Complications
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Fatigue and lack of energy
Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation)
Skin problems
Dizziness and headaches
Dehydration
Shortness of breath
Irregular heartbeats, cardiac
failure…death.
Bulimia
• A cycle of binge
eating followed by
purging to try and
rid the body of
unwanted calories.
• A binge is different
for all individuals.
Signs and Symptoms
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Binge eating
Secretive eating (food missing)
Bathroom visits after eating
Vomiting
Laxative, diet pill or diuretic abuse
Weight fluctuations (usually with 10-15
lb range)
Physical/Medical Complications
• Fatigue and lack of energy
• Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation)
and irregular menstruation
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Dehydration
Types of Digestion
• As food travels down
the alimentary canal it
must be broken down
into monomers so that
our cells can use them.
• They need to be small
enough to pass
through the villi and
into the bloodstream.
Mechanical Digestion
• Chewing, Mixing,
Emulsifying
• Done with the teeth
• Peristalsis:
Muscular
contractions move
the bolus (food ball)
along the digestive
tract.
Chemical Digestion
• Performed by enzymes
• Uses the process of hydrolysis to break
down polymers into monomers.
Question:
HOW DO WE KEEP FROM DIGESTING
OURSELVES??
Answer:
• Line the entire
system with
mucus!!
• Lined from the
cardiac sphincter to
the anus.
• Where is there no
mucus?
• Esophagus…Acid
reflux (heartburn)
Acid Reflux…OUCH!