Transcript The Protestant Reformation

Europe
During 1400s &1500s
Janelle Oliver, Bailey Hoback & Gabriella Andino
What was the Renaissance?

Georgio Vasari described
it as a “Rebirth ”
◦ Re-emergence of Greek
and Roman literature, art,
philosophy, and political
and historical thought

Started in Italy
◦ Focused on secular
concerns
◦ Individualism

◦
Later spread to
Northern Europe
Dealt with religious
concerns
Class & Political Struggles



Catholic Church had heavy
influence in Italy
Old nobility was starting to
lose their control over Italy
New wealthy merchant
families started to rise
because of Mediterranean
trade
Old Nobility v. New Wealthy
Families

Popolo
◦ Wanted their own share of the
wealth and political power
Italian v. Northern Renaissance

Italian
◦ Was center of Europe’s
economic, political and cultural
life
◦ Italy was divided up into
different urbanized city-states
 The heart of Renaissance was in
Florence
◦ Tension and many wars were
fought between the major cities

Northern
◦ Strictly focused on religion
 Still trying to seek new
ways to deepen their
Christian beliefs
Humanism
Is a program of study,
including rhetoric and literature
based on what students in the
classical world would have
studied
 Francesco Petrarch

◦ Father of Humanism

To write in the Ciceronian style
became the goal of Petrarch
and humanists who followed
him
◦ Inspired “civic humanists”

Many humanist emphasized
individualism and questioned
some biblical text
◦ This upset the North
Who Achieved the Renaissance?

Renaissance really only applied to the wealthy
◦ Could afford classical literature and study it


Popolo wanted to be part of the Renaissance but
were more preoccupied with their lives
Most of the poor were illiterate
◦ Spent most of their time struggling for work or lived
on rural farms

Women
◦ Some wealthy women picked up some humanism
skills
 Leonardo Bruni created an education program for women
 Christine de Pisan wrote “The City of Ladies”

Baroque Movement
Beginning the Reformation

Through translation, the Catholic Church had
distorted and complicated theological text
◦ Practices of nepotism, absenteeism, immoral behavior of
the papacy and the selling of indulgences were quite
common

However, many opposed the corruption of the
church
◦ Desideratum Erasmus’s “Praise of Folly” which used
satire as a means of criticizing the church
◦ Sir Tomas More’s “Utopia” which was critical of certain
practices of the church
◦ Most important was Martin Luther’s “95 Thesis”
The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther wanted the
catholic church to change and
had no intensions of starting a
new religion
◦ Pope Leo X did not take Luther
seriously and ignored him

Lutheranism started heavily
influencing the Germanic
states
◦ Edict of Worms

Other reformers sprung up
after Luther
◦ John Calvin’s “Institutes of the
Christian Religion” starting
Calvinism
◦ King Henry VIII started the
Anglican Church
◦ Ulrich Zwingli started Zwingli
Society’s Response

Germanic states were caught in the middle
◦ Peace of Augsburg by Charles V
Reformation abolished corrupt practices
 Implements of humanist methods in Protestant
secondary schools and universities

◦ Allowing every class, and gender to attend
Schools taught in Greek and Latin with
religious instruction
 Women were still seen as subservient to men

◦ Gradually lost their rights
Counter Reformation
Pope Paul II was dedicated in reforming the
Church
 Index of Prohibited Books
 Papal Inquisition to keep out Protestantism
 Council of Trent

◦ Was dominated by the papacy and enhanced its power
◦ Took steps to address some of the issues that sparked
the reformation

Ignatius Loyola
◦ Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
◦ Working as Catholic missionaries in heavy Protestant
areas
Religious Wars

Hapsburg-Valois War
◦ France was trying to keep the control of the Holy
Roman Empire from controlling all of Germany
 While Charles IV was occupied with France, Lutheranism
spread fast throughout the empire
◦ France was also fighting Spain over territories in Italy
◦ Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Spain’s Catholic Crusade
◦ Was a conflict between Spain and the Turks allowing a
secure region for Christian merchants
◦ Battle of Lepanto was the naval battle in which Spain
defeated the Turks off the coast of Greece and won the
war
Religious Wars

The Dutch Revolt
◦ William I started a war against the Spanish inquisition
 They were beaten by Spain, and some parts of the Provinces
became under the Spanish control

Spain and England
◦ Mary Tudor was wife of Philip I of the Holy Roman
Empire and tried to convert England to traditional
Catholic beliefs
◦ Elizabeth I
 After the Dutch Revolt, she tried to aid the Netherlands to gain
independence from the Spanish
◦ Spanish Armada
French Civil War




This conflict started after the death
of Henry II and the struggle within
the family for who would get the
crown
A Catholic Valois and Huguenot
couple were married, intending to
reconcile the Catholic v. Huguenot
differences, however, rioting and
violence occurred and the couple
were killed in their sleep before the
wedding
War of Three Kings which three
different Henrys fought over the
French throne
Henry IV, a Huguenot, won and
ruled like Elizabeth I in the way that
he tried to find solutions for
problems, rather than idolize himself
◦ Edict of Nantes
Thirty Year’s War
The Peace of Augsburg worked for a short period
of time, however, factionalism in the Holy
Roman Empire precipitated a cataclysmic war
 The war came in different Phases
 Treaty of Westphalia

◦ This treaty ended the Catholic reformation in Germany
◦ They reestablished the Peace of Augsburg
◦ The pope could intervene in the Holy Roman Empire

The results:
◦ The Holy Roman Empire was ruined
◦ France gained a lot of power along with Britain
Italy on the Decline

The Renaissance is starting
to fade
◦ Medici family falls
Treaty of Lodi
Unification makes for an
easy target for ambitious
monarchs such as France
and Spain
 Machiavelli was horrified
by increasing foreign
domination and believed
that only a strong leader
could unify Italy


◦ His book “The Prince” tried
to convince the Medici to
take control of Italy
New Monarchs

French Monarch
◦ King Louis XI assumed the throne after his father
Charles VII
 He created a large royal army, increased taxes, exerted his
power over the clergy and encouraged economic growth
◦ Francis I
 Condordat of Bologna

English Monarch
◦ War of the Roses
◦ Henry VII, a Lancaster, got the throne
 Established the Tudor Dynasty
 Nobility no longer have private armies
 Parliament still maintained power over the king
New Monarchs

Spanish Monarch
◦ Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile laid the groundwork for unification
 In the attempt for religious conformity, the couple started
the Reconquista Spanish Inquisition

German Monarch
◦ Not considered a “New Monarch”
◦ Charles V
 Most powerful ruler in Europe in 1500s
 Control over the Hapsburg and Spain
 Tried to prevent the spread of Protestantism in the Holy
Roman Empire
Life During the 1500s

Bourgeoisie were the
wealthiest and most
powerful
◦ Can be compared to the
middle class

Peasants made up the
majority of the population
and worked farms
◦ They all mostly lived in
rural areas

Cities began to grow
during this time


Population grew
Strict patriarchal society
Exploration

Contact with non-Europeans were limited up until now
◦ “God, glory and gold”
Europeans were trying to reach Asia
 Religion also had an influence on exploration
 Monarchies had increased both their authority, their
resources and were in a position to turn their energies
beyond their borders
 Europe had achieved the wealth and technology to
voyage beyond

◦ Creation of portolani
◦ Better ships and navigational techniques
◦ Knowledge of wind patterns

Led to the Colombian Exchange
FRQ Prompts

Prompt One: Social
Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant
Reformation had from 1520-1600.
2001 Released AP European History Free Response Questions

Prompt Two: Cultural / Political
In what ways does the art of the renaissance reflect
the political outlooks of European nations from
1450-1600?

Prompt Two: Economic
How and to what extent did the poor economy of
the 16th century affect class relations across
Europe?