Transcript Reformation: Reforms in the Christian Church

Reformation: Reforms in the
Christian Church
Warm-Up = Northern Renaissance
• 1. T or F = The Northern Renaissance refers to the
ideas of the Renaissance spreading north of the
Italian Peninsula.
• 2. T or F = Even though the printing press copied
books, unfortunately, education did not improve.
• 3. T or F = The printing press helped to spread ideas
of the Renaissance.
• 4. T or F = Gutenberg is important to the Renaissance
due to him copying a Bible on his printing press.
• 5. T or F = William Shakespeare was a famous
inventor that rivaled Leonardo da Vinci.
What to do!!!!
• Copy the following 12 definitions on to your
study guide or in to your notes.
• Create a graphic organizer with write each of
the 5 questions in a block/section of your
paper
• Read each of the slides and answer the
questions!!!
Key Vocabulary
• Martin Luther -German priest who protested against
the Roman Catholic Church
• Indulgences- – items purchased which shortened
punishment from sinning; “get out of Hell cards”
• Latin – the language of ancient Rome and its empire,
• 95 Theses -the list of complaints about practices and
beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• Reformation -a reform movement against the Roman
Catholic Church
• Catholics -a member of the Roman Catholic Church.
• Protestants - those who protested against the Roman
Catholic Church
• Excommunication - to be kicked out of the Roman
Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg- was a treaty between Charles
V and an alliance of Lutheran princes. It officially ended
the religious struggle between the two groups and
made the legal division of Christendom permanent
within the Holy Roman Empire.
• Counter Reformation– the Catholic Church’s response
to the Protestant Reformation
• Jesuits - an order of Roman Catholic priests; the order
began sending missionaries throughout the world to
convert people to Roman Catholicism.
• Inquisition -Church court set up to find heretics; used
greatly in Spain to find: Muslims, Jews and Protestants
REVIEW YOUR VOCABULARY
•HINT!!!!
1.
______
- the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation
2.
_____ - the list of complaints about practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
3.
______ - supporters of the Renaissance artists
4.
______ – humanism ideas spread into northern Europe; it took on a more religious form
5.
______ - a German blacksmith who developed a printing press that used moveable type
6.
______ - means “rebirth” and refers to the period that followed Europe’s Middle Ages
7.
_____ - wealthy business men who rose in political power on the Italian Peninsula
8.
______ -items purchased which shortened punishment from sinning; “get out of Hell
cards
1.
_______ - those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church
2.
______ - a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church
A. Renaissance
D. Reformation
G. Counter Reformation
J. Aristocrats
B. 95 Theses
E. Northern Renaissance
H. Indulgences
C Gutenberg
F. Patrons
I. Protestants
• GRAPHIC Organizer
• Title a clean piece of paper:
Protestant Reformation
• 2. Feel free to organize your paper into a
graphic organizer to place each question on
the next slide in its own box.
• 3. As you read the slides complete each of
the questions.
Create a graphic organizer-Questions
1. How did the Renaissance help the Reformation to
begin? How did the Renaissance help spread the
Reformation to other areas in Europe?
—
2. What issues did some Europeans have with the
Catholic Church?
3. What steps did Martin Luther and others take to
bring reforms to the Catholic Church?
4. Compare and contrast Catholic ideas with
Protestant ideas.
5. What steps did the Catholic Church take to
respond to the Reformation?
5/22 Vocabulary additions
• Copernicus –Polish astronomer who proved the
sun was the center of the universe; The Church
said No!!
• Galileo – – Italian astronomer who proved
Copernicus was correct; used a telescope to
study Jupiter’s moons
• Francis Bacon -English scientist who is
considered the father of the Scientific Method
• John Calvin – succeeded Martin Luther; a French
priest and philosopher who believed in
predestination, or that God already knew
everything and had already planned events
Renaissance Ideas Are Dangerous!
• The Renaissance caused many
people to question life and seek
understanding of how the world
works.
• Nicholas Copernicus developed a
theory that stated the Sun was
the center of the universe – the
Catholic Church said he was
wrong – and banned his work.
• Galileo Galilei used a telescope
and proved Copernicus was
correct – the Catholic Church
jailed Galileo- and banned his
work.
Francis Bacon
• Sir Francis Bacon of England served in the court of King
James I.
• A brilliant lawyer and statesman, he rose to the post of
Lord Chancellor. This is one of the highest offices in
England, responsible for the courts.
• However, Bacon’s most lasting contributions were as a
philosopher and thinker in the movement known as the
Enlightenment.
• He promoted modern science and championed reason.
• To advance learning, he rejected the traditional systems
of the past.
• He advocated methods of observation and testing.
Father of the Scientific Method
Martin
• The German monk Martin
Luther Luther (1483-1546) was
one of the most
important critics of the
church.
– Wealth
– Corruption
– Indulgences – granted
full or partial remission
of the punishment of
sin. get out of hell
cards!
Martin Luther
• He was troubled about the possibility of
not going to heaven.
• He led a strict life, but was worried
about sin.
• Luther read the writings of early
Christian theologians, including St.
Augustine, and the Bible.
• He found the answer he was looking
for in Paul's Letter to the Romans
(Romans 1:17 - "The righteous shall by
his faith.") Only faith (in the ultimate
goodness of Jesus), not good deeds,
could save a person.
• No good works, rituals,
etc. would save a
person if they did not
believe.
95 Theses
• In 1517, Luther wrote
95 Theses, or
statements of beliefs,
attacking church
policies.
• Copies were printed
on Gutenberg’s
printing press, and
handed out
throughout Western
Europe.
• The church responded
by excommunicating
Luther, and tried him
for treason.
Bibles In My Own Language
• Before more damage
could be done, Luther
went into hiding.
• While in hiding, he
translated the Bible
from Latin into German
so that all literate,
German-speaking
people could read it.
• Under Luther’s
leadership, many
Europeans began to
challenge the practices
of the Roman Catholic
Church.
Protestants - Luther’s followers were
called Protestants because they
protested against the Catholic Church.
Catholics
Protestants
• Bible should be written in Latin.
• Church services should be
spoken in Latin.
• A person must speak with a
priest to have their prayers
heard.
• The Pope is God’s representative
on Earth.
• A person must do good works to
go to Heaven.
• Bibles should be written in the
language of its people.
• Church services should be
spoken in the language of the
people.
• A person should be allowed to
pray directly to God.
• Who decides who is “God’s
representative” on Earth?
• A person needs faith alone to get
into Heaven.
Protestant Reformers Emerge
1. 1536: England to Brussels –
William Tyndale – translated the
King Henry VIII of England Bible into English. He was executed.
2. 1541: France to Switzerland –
John Calvin – succeeded Martin
Luther. Calvin believed in
predestination, the idea that
God knew who would be saved
even before they were born.
all events have been willed by God
3. 1534: England – King Henry VIII –
outlawed the Catholic Church
and declared himself the head of
the Church in England or the
Anglican Church…this was
personal, not religious!
By 1600,
Protestantism had
spread to England and
the Scandinavian
Peninsula.
Protestants pushed
to expand education
for more Europeans.
They did this because
being able to read
meant being able to
study the Bible thanks
to copies being made
from Gutenberg’s
printing press.
Spread of Protestant Reformation
• They also encouraged translation of the Bible
into the native language of each country.
• Leaders encouraged Protestantism because
it weakened the power of the Pope and the
Church in the land they ruled.
The Counter Reformation
• The Roman Catholic Church
responded – positively and
negatively- to the Reformation
by launching its own movement
in the mid-16th century.
• As part of this movement, called
the Counter Reformation, the
church …
– stopped selling indulgences,
– Banned Protestant books and
the Protestant faith,
– Fought religious wars,
– Missionaries to spread the
Catholic faith called Jesuits,
or Society of Jesus.
Warm-UP
The Spanish Inquisition
1. An organization of priests who looked for
and punished anyone who practiced religion
other than the Catholic faith of Christianity.
2. 1478 to 1834
3. Started by King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella of Spain, who wanted only
Christians in their kingdom.
4. Jews and Muslims were forced to convert
or leave Spain….later, Protestants were
sought.
5. Although records are incomplete,
estimates of the number of persons charged
with crimes by the Inquisition range up to
150,000 with 2,000 to 5,000 people actually
executed.
• Many people and
leaders in Western
Europe still supported
the Catholic Church.
• This conflict led to
religious wars that
ended in 1555.
• At that time, the Peace
of Augsburg declared
that German rulers
could decide the
official religion of their
own state.
Peace of Augsburg
Thirty Years’ War
• The Thirty Years' War was a
series of wars in and around
the Holy Roman Empire
between 1618 and 1648
lasting for thirty years.
• It was one of the longest, most
destructive
conflicts in European history
• Land, people, and the economy
were destroyed.
• Initially a war
between Protestant and
Catholic states in the pulling
apart of the Holy Roman
Empire, it gradually developed
into a more of a conflict
between the great powers of
Europe, becoming less about
religion.
• The Thirty Years' War saw the devastation of entire
regions, with famine and disease significantly
decreasing the population of the German and Italian
states.
• The war also bankrupted most of the countries that
were fighting the war.
• Both mercenaries and soldiers in armies were
expected to fund themselves by looting or
extorting tribute, which imposed severe hardships on
the people of the invaded countries.
• The wars ended with The Peace of Westphalia –
which gave Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman
Empire the right to continue their practices and
increased the power among other countries and
states in Europe..
• The Thirty Years War persuaded everybody that
neither the Protestants nor the Catholics could be
completely victorious and dreams of an empire,
united under a Catholic Church had to be abandoned.
Who won?
Both sides seemed to have both won and
lost…..
• Europe still remained in limbo over what do
with the religion of Europe… the control of
Popes and rulers………and the rights of people.
• Areas today (Northern Ireland) still have
arguments between Catholics and
Protestants.
5/29 Vocabulary additions
• Henry VIII - King of England who took control
of religion and made the monarch the head
of the Church in England
• Ferdinand and Isabella – king and queen of
Spain; united Spain, kicked out Jews &
Muslims, funded Columbus’s voyage
• Christopher Columbus – an Italian explorer
who sailed for Spain attempting to find a new
trade route to Asia; discovered the “New
World”