Transcript Principles of Organic and Biochemistry

Principles of
Organic and Biochemistry
Ellen J. Wilson, RPh, PhD
College of Southern Maryland
Friedrick WÖhler is the “father”
of organic chemistry
What is Organic Chemistry?
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
halogens
Topics in CHE1230
Hydrocarbons
 Compounds
that contain mostly carbon
and hydrogen
 Also called alkanes



Methane
Ethane
Propane
 Are
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
called saturated alkanes
Look Back to CHE1200
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Topics in CHE1230
Hydrocarbons
 Some




alkanes are cyclic—cycloalkanes
Cyclopropane
Cylcobutane
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
Cycloalkanes
Another View of Cycloalkanes
Topics in CHE1230
Hydrocarbons
 Some

alkanes are substituted
Can have other hydrocarbon groups or
halogens on them in place of hydrogen
Topics in CHE1230
Hydrocarbons
 Some

hydrocarbons are unsaturated
Have double bonds or triple bonds in place of
hydrogen in some places
Look Back to CHE1200
 REMEMBER--

Carbon satisfies the octet rule by forming
4 bonds
Hydrogen satisfies the duet rule by forming
1 bond
Ethane
CH3CH3
alkane
Ethene
CH2CH2
alkene
Ethyne
CHCH
alkyne
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Topics in CHE1230
Hydrocarbons
 Unsaturated
substituted
hydrocarbons can also be
Topics in CHE1230
Hydrocarbons
 There
is a special class of hydrocarbons
called aromatic hydrocarbons

They are cyclic and unsaturated
 Benzene
is an example
C 6H 6
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Topics in CHE1230
Oxygen-Containing Compounds
Alcohols contain hydrocarbons
plus an OH (hydroxyl) group
Topics in CHE1230
Oxygen-Containing Compounds
Phenols contain a benzene
ring plus an OH group
Topics in CHE1230
Oxygen-Containing Compounds
Thiols contain an SH (sulfhydryl) group
in place of the OH (hydroxyl) group
Topics in CHE1230
Oxygen-Containing Compounds
Ethers contain a hydrocarbon group
on either side of an oxygen
Topics in CHE1230
Oxygen-Containing Compounds
Aldehydes and ketones contain
carbon double bonded to oxygen
Topics in CHE1230
Oxygen-Containing Compounds
Carboxylic acids contain carbon double
bonded to oxygen with an OH (hydroxyl)
group in place of one hydrogen
Topics in CHE1230
Carbohydrates
 What


Sugars
Specialized oxygen-containing compounds
 Can



are carbohydrates?
be
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides (starch)
Carbohydrates
Topics in CHE1230
Amines and Amides
 Compounds
that contain nitrogen
 Amines can be primary, secondary, or
tertiary
Topics in CHE1230
Amines and Amides

Amides contain carbon double bonded to
oxygen plus an NH group
Topics in CHE1230
Lipids
 What



are lipids?
FATS!!!!!
Another type of oxygen-containing molecule
A combination of long hydrocarbon and a
carboxylic acid
 Fats
can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated and Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
What is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the application of
chemistry—both organic and inorganic—
to living organisms
Topics in CHE1230
Proteins
 The
nitrogen-containing compounds in
your body are proteins


They are very large molecules
They are made of specialized molecules
called amino acids
Enzymes are specialized proteins
Topics in CHE1230
Molecular Genetics
 DNA
 RNA
Topics in CHE1230
Metabolism
 What
happens to the foods you eat?
 Carbohydrate metabolism



Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron
transport
Topics in CHE1230
Metabolism
 What
happens to the foods you eat?
 Lipid metabolism

B-oxidation
 Talk
about how carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism are linked
Topics in CHE1230
Metabolism
 Talk
about the role that insulin plays in
both of them
 Talk about American diets
 Include
protein metabolism as well
In Lab Today You Will Look at Various
Properties of Hydrocarbons:

Addition reactions
with bromine


Unsubstituted
compound to a
substituted compound
Oxidation reactions

Hydrocarbon to an
alcohol
In Lab Today:

Flammability of
hydrocarbons

Burn cleanly
= alkane

Burns a little smoky
= alkene

Burn very smoky
= aromatic
In Lab Today:

Boiling Point
Determination
 From CHE1200



What determines
boiling point?
What kind of
compounds have high
boiling points?
Low boiling points?