Transcript Prentice Hall Biology

Section 9-1
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration
I. Overview of Cellular Respiration (Know sequence of
events)
Definition – The process that releases energy (ATP) by
breaking down _______ and other food molecules in the
presence of ________ (_________). This is an _______
reaction.
 NAD+ acts as the electron carrier (NAD – Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide.
 Occurs in all eukaryotic cells.
6O2 + C6H12O6
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O = Energy (36 ATP)
Section 8-1
ATP – ____________ ________________
Supplies energy for all cellular
processes
_________
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__________
3 _______ ________
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and
ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP – ____ ______
ATP – ____ ______
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
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Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully
charged
battery
Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Section 9-1
Electrons carried in NADH
Mitochondrion
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
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Section 9-1
Glycolysis
O2 present
No O2 present
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
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Fermentation
Alcohol
Lactic Acid
1st step – Glycolysis is when one molecule of
________ is broken in _____, producing two
molecules of _______ acid, a 3-C compound.
 If oxygen is present then pyruvic acid enters
_____ Cycle
 If no oxygen then pyruvic acid enters
____________ process
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Section 9-2
II. Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm
A. Starting molecule is glucose
B. ATP Production – __ ATPs are needed at
beginning, but 4 are produced, total of 2 net
gain for the cell.
C. _____ is a carrier for electrons to the
electron transport chain (____).
D. 1 glucose = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP = 2
NADH
E. Total ATP = ___
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Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
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III. Fermentation
A. Anaerobic – ___ _____ ______
1. Alcoholic fermentation by yeast and some bacteria
Pyruvic acid = _______
alcohol + CO2 + ____+
_______ dioxide causes bread to rise, heat in
baking evaporates any alcohol.
 Used to produce beer and wine
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2. Lactic acid fermentation
______ acid + NADH
Lactic acid + NAD+
Produced in muscles during _________ exercise
when the body cannot supply enough _______.
Leads to soreness.
Unicellular organisms ferment food and beverages.
Ex: yogurt, _______, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles,
sauerkraut
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Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
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Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
IV. ______ Cycle
•2nd step, occurs in ______________
•Starts with pyruvic acid and gives off ________ dioxide
•Energizes NAD+ to form NADH (_________ carriers)
high energy
•Results:
– High energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) take
__________ to ETC
– Carbon dioxide is breathed out
– 2 _____ formed
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Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
OAA –
Oxaloacetate
is a 4 Carbon
molecule with
low energy
FADH2 –
Flavin adenine
dinucleotide +
hydrogen
Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
Succinate – 4
carbon compound
with energy
OAA
succinate
Alpha-ketogluterate
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NADH –
Nicotinamide
adenine
dinucleotide +
hydrogen
Section 9-1
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
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Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
V. Electron __________Chain (ETC) – 3rd step
Occurs between __________ in the
mitochondria in all animals, plants and
_____________
Uses high energy electrons (stored in NADH and
______2) from Krebs to convert ____ to ATP.
Carrier proteins ________ in the mitochondrial
membrane pass high-energy ________ along
and ______ H+ into the intermembrane space
Oxygen is the final electron ________ and
combines with hydrogen to form water
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As the amount of H+ builds in the __________
space, one H+ rushes back across the ______
membrane causes ATP synthase to spin, reenergizing ADP to _____.
Each pair of e- generate enough energy to _______
3 ADP to 3 ATP.
Total ATP = ______
Total ATP generated in all steps of ________ = 36
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Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production
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VI. Energy and Exercise
Cells normally contain enough _____ for a few
seconds of intense activity.
After 90 seconds, cellular respiration supplies ATP
For long-term activity,__________stored in the
muscle is burned and lasts 15-20 minutes. After that,
other ___________ such as fat are burned for energy
(aerobics, running & swimming)
Need to breathe ______ after exercise to repay
oxygen debt and rid body of ______ acid
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Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
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Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
+
Water
(H2O)
VI. Comparing ____________ and Cellular Respiration
See figure ________
Photosynthesis does not release energy from glucose
____________ removes CO2 and _________ returns
it.
________ in photosynthesis is _______ in respiration.
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