Transcript AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism

AP BIOLOGY
Chapter 9
Metabolism
Tell which molecules are oxidized and
which are reduced in this reaction
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced
Krebs cycle is also called the
Citric acid
______________
cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)
What is the equation for cellular
respiration?
6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
How many carbons are in pyruvic acid?
3
Name the 6 carbon molecule that
forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons
from acetyl CoA
Citric acid (citrate)
What happens to Coenzyme A after
acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons
to the Krebs cycle?
Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons
from pyruvate
Which pathway generates the
most energy from glucose?
FERMENTATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall;
Identify the part:
E
Outer membrane
A = ______________
Intermembrane space
B = ______________
inner membrane
C = ______________
D = ________________
matrix
cytoplasm
E = ________________
(cristae)
Give the chemical equation for
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
After glycolysis, which pathway will
pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present?
It will enter the Krebs cycle
Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration:
glycolysis
#1 = _____________
Krebs cycle
#2 = _____________
Electron transport chain
#3 = _____________
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
True or False
Only animal cells have mitochondria
False;
both plants and animals have
mitochondria
How many carbons are in a glucose
molecule?
6; C6H12O6
Give the chemical equation for
alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
How many ATP’s are required to get
glycolysis started?
2 ATP
After glycolysis, what determines
which pathway pyruvic acid will
follow?
Presence or absence of oxygen
Name the two kinds of fermentation
Lactic acid and alcoholic
What is the net production of ATP
during glycolysis?
Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP
Net gain of 2 ATP
Beta oxidation
During ______________
fats can be
broken down into 2 carbon units
that enter the Krebs cycle to be
burned for energy instead of
glucose.
How is pyruvate different from
pyruvic acid?
Both are forms of
same molecule
Pyruvate is pyruvic acid
that has lost an H.
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall;
Tell its location:
D
Where Krebs cycle happens = ___
Where is the Electron Transport Chain
C
found = ___
H+ ions accumulate here
B
during electron transport = ___
Place where glycolysis
happens= ___
E
Which electron carrier produces the
most ATP… NADH or FADH2?
Each NADH makes 3 ATP
Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
WHY?
NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of
ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane;
FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down
the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first
proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the
membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase
produces ATP
Name the 3 carbon molecule produced
during glycolysis
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
Type of fermentation used to make
yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi,
buttermilk, etc.
Lactic acid
Muscle fatigue is caused when the
process of fermentation produces
Lactic acid
_____________
The energy produced by electrons
passing down the Electron Transport
chain are used to pump which ion
into the intermembrane space?
H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and
accumulate in the intermembrane space
Which parts of cellular respiration
require oxygen?
Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain
Why is the Krebs cycle also called
the citric acid cycle?
Citric acid is the first compound formed
during the Krebs cycle
Name this molecule
Adenosine
triphosphate
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg
Which kind of fermentation puts
the air holes in bread?
Alcoholic fermentation releases
CO2 bubbles which pop and leave
holes in the bread
What is the final electron acceptor
at the end of the Electron Transport
Chain during cellular respiration?
oxygen
If alcoholic fermentation is what
makes bread rise, why don’t we get
intoxicated from eating the bread?
Alcohol evaporates during cooking
During short term exercise muscle cells are
using which pathway to provide energy?
Lactic acid fermentation
cellular respiration
lactic acid fermentation
What happens to the CO2 produced
when pyruvic acid is broken down?
It is released into the atmosphere
What is the energy tally from
1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing
the Krebs cycle?
4 NADH
1 ATP
__
__
1 FADH
__
__
6 CO2
2
The generation of ATP from a proton
gradient that occurs in all living things is
chemiosmosis
called _________________
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html
Organisms that can use either
fermentation or cellular respiration
are called ________________
Facultative anaerobes
Where are cytochromes found?
Part of electron transport chain
How do prokaryotes do cellular
respiration if they don’t have
mitochondria?
ETC proteins are in plasma membrane;
infolding to make pockets creates places to make
H+ gradients and run ETC to make ATP
How do the levels of AMP and ATP
play a regulatory role in the glycolysis
pathway?
High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP)
stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis
pathway;
High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase
to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not
needed)
Using a proton gradient created by
electron transport chain to make ATP
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
= __________________________
MITOCHONDRION
Using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond to add a
P directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient
SUBSTRATE LEVEL
= __________________
PHOSPHORYLATION
Glycolysis is also called the
____________________
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway pathway.
The enzyme cofactor that is part of
B
Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __
CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks
__________
down hydrogen peroxide.
When you did this lab, what was the
purpose of adding sulfuric acid?
Acid denatures the catalase
enzyme and stops the reaction
Name the cell part that contains
catalase to break down peroxide.
peroxisome
When hydrogen peroxide is broken
down, what gas is produced?
oxygen
Name these molecules
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg
Alcohol
(Ethyl)
Name this molecule
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg
NADH
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Name this molecule
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg
NADH
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Name this molecule
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg
FADH2
(Flavin adenine dinucleotide)