Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 4 – Fat: How Much Is Right for You? Review • A cell that is placed in salty seawater will: a. Take sodium and chloride ions in by diffusion b. Move water out of the cell by active transport c. Use facilitated diffusion to break apart the sodium and chloride ions d. Lose water to the outside of the cell via osmosis Review • The energy drink Red Bull is banned in several European countries due in part to concerns over its high caffeine content. Excess caffeine conent can cause anxiety, heart palpitations, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. Many people use highcaffeine energy drinks as mixer for alcohol, a practice that worries many health care practitioners. Why might mixing alcohol with energy drinks have even more negative health consequences than mixing alcohol with more conventional mixes such as pop, water, or juice? What is Metabolism? • Metabolism describes all of the chemical reactions occurring in the body Enzymes Role in Metabolism Function• Enzymes (catalyst): speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Structure- Enzymes Decrease Activation Energy • Activation Energy: energy it takes for a chemical reaction to take place • Enzymes decrease activation energy People Have Different Metabolic Rates • Metabolic Rate: measure of energy use • Individual basal metabolic rate is dependent on: – Exercise habits – Body weight – Gender – Age – Genetics Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Structure: • Ribose sugar • Adenine • Three negatively charged phosphates Function of ATP • Loss of a phosphate produces energy • Types of Cellular Work – mechanical (movement), transport (active transport) & chemical (enzymes) Production of ATP • The majority of ATP is produced in the mitochondria • Cell Respiration is the chemical process that links phosphates with ADP Process of Cell Respiration (1) Glycolysis: Glucose (6 C [carbon])is broken down into two pyruvic acid (3 C) molecules (2) Pyruvic acid is broken down into 2 C molecules (3) Citric Acid Cycle: removes carbon dioxide and electrons (4) Electron Transport Chain: An enzyme converts ADP + P to ATP through the facilitated diffusion of H+ (hydrogen) molecules Steps of Cell Respiration Electron Transport & ATP Metabolism of Protein & Fat • Protein: – removal of amino group (NH2) and excretion through urine – the rest of the molecules is used for cell respiration • Fat: – glycerol and fatty acids are used for cell respiration Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation • Anaerobic Respiration: generating energy in the absence of oxygen • Process of Fermentation – Glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid – Pyruvic acid molecules are converted into lactic acid molecules – The liver converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid Body Fat and Health Overweight • Obesity • Diabetes – Insulin resistance causes low glucose uptake by cells • Hypertension – 6x more likely to have a heart attack • Heart Attack, Stroke, and Cholesterol – Low density lipoproteins (LDL) build-up – Less High density lipoproteins (HDL) Underweight • Eating disorders: anorexia, bulimia – Low hormone production, no menstruation • Osteoporosis • Altered heart rhythms • Dehydration