Transcript First Quarter review

First Quarter review
1. What is a hypothesis?(p. 5)
A proposed scientific explanation for a set
of observations
2. What is a theory? (p. 13)
A well-tested, widely accepted
explanation. New information can alter.
3. What protein is a catalyst (speeds up) for
chemical reactions in the body? (p.51)
Enzyme (a type of protein)
4. What affects chemical reactions? (p. 53list at least 2)
Temperature, pH and many other factors
5. What is it called when a mRNA strand is
synthesized from a DNA strand? (p.301)
Transcription-this is the first step in the
protein synthesis process
6. What is it called when a protein/polypeptide is
synthesized using mRNA information?
(p. 303-304)
Translation-this is the 2nd major step in
the proteins synthesis process
7. Where are proteins made? (p. 304)
ribosomes
8. What takes amino acids to the Ribosomes to
form polypeptide chains? (p. 304-305)
tRNA uses the codon (3
letter code) and brings
the correct amino acid
so that the tRNA
Anticodon will fit to the
codon
9. What is a polypeptide/protein made up
of?(p. 304-305)
Amino acids (building blocks of a
protein)
10. Put in order from smallest to
largest: polymer, macromolecule &
monomer
• Monomer
Polymer
macromolecule
11. Using the microscope formula, calculate
total magnification for a microscope
eyepiece of 15X and an objective lens
of 100X. (p. 1070)
1500X (multiply the eyepiece to the
objective lens that is being used)
12. What is a cell? (p. 16)
Smallest unit of LIFE
13. Define selectively permeable/semipermeable? (p. 182-185)
Allows certain things into and out of the
cell, but not others
14. What part of the cell is selectively semipermeable? (p. 182-185)
The cell membrane!
15. Define & describe the flow of: Active
transport-(p. 188-189)
• Moves substances in & out of the cell—
REQUIRES ENERGY!!!!!!
• Substances flow from low
concentration to high concentration.
16. Define & describe the flow
of:Endocytosis-(p.189)
•
Large particles moved INTO the cell
from low concentration to high
concentration-requires energy
17. Define & describe the flow of: Exocytosis
(p.189)•
Large particles are moved OUT of the cell
from low concentration to high
concentration-requires energy
Describe the 2 types of exocytosis.
• 18. Pinocytosis(p.189)- active
movement of liquid
• 19. Phagocytosis (p.189)-large particles
actively being moved
20. Define & describe the flow of:Passive
transport(p. 184-187 & notes) • Substances move in & out of the cellNO ENERGY REQUIRED!!!!
• Substances flow from high to low
concentration
21. Define & describe the flow of: Diffusion(p. 184)
• Small particles passively (no energy)
flow to an area of lower concentration
to reach approx. equilibrium
22. cont. Define & describe the flow
of:Osmosis-(p.185)
• When cells are put into solutions, water
may leave or enter the cell to create a
balance of solute to water balance.
23. Isotonic(p.186)• concentration of solutes is the same
inside to inside of the cell. Water flows
in and out of cell.
24. Hypertonic(p. 186)• solution has a higher solute
concentration then in the cell. Water
flows out of cell and into the solution.
25. Hypotonic(p. 186)• solution has a lower solute
concentration then inside the cell.
Water flows from solution and into the
cell-may lyse
26. Write the functions:Golgi apparatus (p.
178)=
• Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins
27. Write the functions:Rough Endoplasmic
reticulum (p. 177-178)=
• Location where proteins are produced
& exports proteins
28. Write the functions:Smooth Endoplasmic
reticulum (p. 177-178)=
• Modifies lipids
29. Write the functions:Chloroplast (p. 180)=
• Captures sunlight & converts chemical
energy-PHOTOSYNTHESIS
30. Write the functions: Nucleus (p. 176)=
• The BRAIN-controls all functions of the
cell
31. Write the functions: Mitochondria
(p. 179)=
• Converts food (glucose) into energy
(ATP)-CELL RESPIRATION
32. What are the differences between a
plant and animal cell? (p. 175-183)
• Plant cells have a cell wall and
chloroplasts
• Animal cells have centrioles
• It is still controversial whether
Lysosomes are in animal cells or not
33. What are the characteristics of a
eukaryote cell? (p. 172-173)
• A BOUND NUCLEUS!!!! They are a lot
larger & contain many organelles.
34. What are the characteristics of a
prokaryote cell? (p. 172-173)
• THEY HAVE NO (bound) NUCLEUS.
They do contain DNA, but it floats
around loosely. They are much smaller
and have few organelles.
35. What is a virus? (p. 478 or glossary)
• Particles of nucleic acid, protein and
lipids
36. What is a mutation? (p. 307 & glossary)
• Changes in genetic material/DNA
37. What is another word (more commonly
used) for ATP? (p.203)
• Energy
38. What is the photosynthesis equation? (p.
206)—YOU MUST KNOW!
• 6H20 + 6CO2 with light C6H12O6 + 6O2
39. List the reactants of photosynthesis.
(p. 206)
• 6 Carbon dioxide molecules & 6 water
molecules
40. List the products of photosynthesis. (p.
206)
• 1 Carbohydrate/sugar molecule, 6
oxygen molecules
41. In what organelle does photosynthesis
occur in? (p. 207-208)
• Chloroplasts
42. Photosynthesis is a two part process.
Light is required in the first part, what is the
process that is light independent called? (p.
209 & 212-213)
• Calvin Cycle
43. What is the cell respiration equation? (p.
222)
• C6H12O6 + 6O2
6H20 + 6CO2 + Energy/ATP
44. List the reactants of cellular respiration.
(p. 222)
• 1 glucose molecule and 6 oxygen
molecules
45. In what organelle does it occur? (p. 222)
• Mitochondria
46. What are the three steps in cellular
respiration and how many ATP molecules
are made in each step? (p. 222)
• Glycolysis(2 ATP), Krebs cycle(2 ATP) &
Electron transport chain(32ATP) total
is 36 ATP molecules
47. What does fermentation not need (that is
needed in normal cellular respiration) and
how many molecules of ATP are produced?
(p. 224 & 225)
• Oxygen (anaerobic) makes 2 ATP in
glycolysis